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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“ ‘as queer as a clockwork orange’…implying a queerness or madness so extreme as to subvert nature.” (www.newyorker.com) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">A Clockwork Orange </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">is a book written in 1962 and put to film by Stanley Kubrick and released to theaters in 1971.<span>  </span>Malcolm McDowell plays the role of Alex, the main character.<span>  </span>Alex is a punk type who is a huge fan of classical music most specifically Beethoven.<span>  </span>He spends his night with his group known as the Droogs getting high at the Korova Milkbar after which they go into the night to partake in what Rotten Tomatoes has called “a little of the old ultraviolence”.<span>  </span>They rape, terrorize, and beat their victims to death.<span>  </span>Eventually the ring leader, Alex, is jailed where he is volunteers as part of a behavior modification program using even his love of Beethoven to strip him of his violent ways.<span>  </span>After his release, Alex is powerless and his victims take full advantage of his weaknesses especially his most vengeful victim, Mr. Alexander.<span>  </span>A Clockwork Orange is worthy of preservation for its psychological approach, for Stanley Kubrick’s creative approach at addressing this, and the critical thinking spawned by the controversial topic of behavior modification/brainwashing.<span>  <!--more--></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Stanley Kubrick was a cinematic genius who created a film from the book written by Anthony Burgess.<span>  </span>Kubrick takes apart the nature of the human mind and dark violence with his production of <i>A Clockwork Orange.<span>  </span></i>He puts imagery to Burgess’s novel and forces the public address the question of “eye for an eye”.<span>  </span>That is, does violence justify the use of violence?<span>  </span>For example, the state’s behavior modification program and/or Mr. Alexander’s revenge for the death of his wife.<span>  </span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Is brainwashing an acceptable form of discipline or moral reform?<span>  </span>Does it leave the subject weak and powerless as with Alex or does it put forth a newly reformed and socially acceptable individual as its proprietors would suggest?<span>  </span>These are questions also addressed by the subject matter within Kubrick’s movie as told Burgess’s book.<span>  </span>By creating this movie, Stanley Kubrick has forced the viewing public to address punishments and methods of rehabilitation previously thought to be justified yet now seen as morally reprehensible.<span>  </span>Did Alex’s sadistic behavior justify the methods of the state?</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">From a cinematic standpoint, <i>A Clockwork Orange </i>was ahead of its time.<span>  </span>Kubrick , with the help of his production designer – John Barry, pooled aspects of the old world and the new world and was able to create what Rotten Tomatoes has dubbed “a world of high-tech cultural decay…”<span>  </span><i>A Clockwork Orange </i>is a movie that puts forth a twisted view of the then future with Kubrick’s mix of old and new and disturbing futuristic imagery.<i> </i><span>  </span>Stanley Kubrick’s creativity as a producer along with the design abilities of John Barry came together as one of the most popular and influential movies of the 1970s.<span>  </span>Compared to the likes of George Orwell’s <em>1984</em>, Kubrick’s film was something that held the power to change cinema.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The entire world was rife with war and struggle. Countries were either plagued with violence or somehow connected to violence of their neighbors and allies.<span>  </span>On December 3, 1971, India invaded West Pakistan setting into action the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 that would come to claim hundreds of lives.<span>  </span>Countries from all over the world were involved in the Vietnam War.<span>  </span>February 8, 1971, South Vietnamese troops invaded Laos.<span>  </span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none;padding: 0in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Richard Milhous Nixon was president of the United States.<span>  </span>Despite initially promoting the US involvement in Vietnam, Nixon would eventually end the country’s involvement in 1973.<span>  </span>During his presidency, Nixon was able to begin innovative work in the fight against drugs, welfare and healthcare reform, and environmental reform.<span>  </span>He also launched the beginnings of shuttle missions to the moon, work which would come to replace manned space exploration.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none;padding: 0in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Movies of this type were not entirely uncommon in the 1970s.<span>  </span>Movies that explored the sci-fi aspect of ultraviolence like that seen in <i>A Clockwork Orange</i> were becoming increasingly common.<span>  </span>For example, <i>Murder in a Blue World </i>was released in 1973.<span>  </span>“In a futuristic world where armed gangs roam the streets, scientists are conducting mind-control experiments on ordinary citizens from secret labs. Amid the carnage, a beautiful nurse seems like an angel of mercy. But what are her true intentions?”<span>  </span>(Netflix.com) The two films are often compared. </span></p>

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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">It was not uncommon for one to see a slew of sci-fi based films at the box office at the time of <i>A Clockwork Orange</i>’s release.<span>  </span>However, for a filmmaker to take an approach such as this was definitely not as common.<span>  </span>This being said, Kubrick was not alone in his approach.<span>  </span>Some came before and some after, but Stanley Kubrick was among others who took a look at the futuristic, psychological aspect.<span>  </span>For example, <i>Orange</i> was released only weeks apart from <i>Straw Dogs</i>-an equally violent and psychological film by Sam Peckinpah (Rotten Tomatoes).</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">While movies of the sci-fi nature were very common and even psychological movie were gaining commonality, Kubrick and Barry created a mix of old school and futuristic that wasn’t a common thread.<span>  </span>Stanley Kubrick’s adaptation of Anthony Burgess’s novel was something that many directors were either unwilling or unable to create.<span>  </span>While many directors such as George Lucas were making movies like that of <i>Star Wars</i>, not many were brave enough to take the psychological approach.<span>  </span>Kubrick, with the help of John Barry, took a futuristic approach to brainwashing – less abrasively known as operant conditioning – and its possible repercussions.<span>  </span>Not only for its literary and psychological basis but also for the cinematic creativity surrounding it, <i>A Clockwork Orange </i>stands out among other movies of its time.<span>  </span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">According the movie review site, Rotten Tomatoes, when <i><span> </span>A Clockwork Orange</i> was released in 1971 it met a great deal of controversy.<span>  </span>This was largely due to its high level of extreme violence.<span>  </span>In fact, the movie was cited for causing a string of copy cats in England.<span>  </span>It was because of this that the moved was pulled from circulation until after Stanley Kubrick’s death in March of 1999.<span>  </span>It was re-released with a rating of “18” in the year 2000. (imdb.com)<span>  </span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">In the United States, however, the movie became a great hit.<span>  </span>There were and still are disagreements as to what Kubrick’s interpretation of the book and its depiction of the future are supposed to have meant. (Rotten Tomatoes)<span>  </span>The movie and Kubrick would eventually be nominated for three Oscars:<span>  </span>Best Film, Best Director, and Best Screenplay.<span>  </span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Today, Stanley Kubrick’s works are the source of an ever-growing fan base.<span>  </span><i>A Clockwork Orange </i>is most definitely at the top of that list.<span>  </span>The long list of blogs and reviews is good proof of this.<span>  </span>Today, many still take the movie as a good example of operant conditioning and its effects to be analyzed.<span>  </span>Also, despite having been controversial in its beginnings, it has gained quite the cult following over the years. (sites.google.com) </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The change in views regarding psychological conditioning could have a distinct effect on the reception of the film today.<span>  </span>While human rights and civil liberties tend to get more of a focus today, the realization that this is simply a movie and a good source of research could have helped ease its reception.<span>  </span>Also, after the release of<span>  </span><i>A Clockwork Orange</i> Kubrick made multiple other movies.<span>  </span>Among them were hits such as <i>Full Metal Jacket </i>and <i>The Shining </i>and <i>The Invisible Man. </i>(imdb.com)</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">First and foremost I found this movie to be beyond disturbing.<span>  </span>However, I am a huge fan of anything made by Stanley Kubrick so I was quite excited to have the opportunity to argue for its preservation.<span>  </span><i>A Clockwork Orange</i> is a cinematic masterpiece.<span>  </span>With stellar acting from actors the likes of Malcom McDowell and Patrick Magee, this movie is thoroughly entertaining.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">From an analytical standpoint, this movie has taught me things I would have never even considered before this project.<span>  </span>For example, the operant conditioning involved in Alex’s rehabilitation brings up the question as to whether or not such severe brainwashing techniques are justifiable.<span>  </span>This also prompts the discussion as to whether violence justifies the use of violence.<span>  </span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">When many see this movie one of the first things that tends to cross their minds is that this is a sci-fi, psychological thriller.<span>  </span>There is so much more beyond the horror.<span>  </span>This movie provokes critical thinking and analytical skills not often seen in many movies.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Released in 1973, <i>Murder in a Blue World </i>by Eloy de la Iglesia was, at one point, called the Spanish <i>Clockwork Orange.</i><span>  </span>This movie is about a nurse who takes it upon herself to end the lives of her patients as she sees fit.<span>  </span>Over the years, as it has been translated, the title has changed a couple of times.<span>  </span>This film brings to mind the story of Dr. Kavorkian.<span>  </span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">A Clockwork Orange </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">can also be compared to other works by Stanley Kubrick.<span>  </span>For example, take in to consideration <i>Full Metal Jacket</i>.<span>  </span>In this film, set in Vietnam, Vincent DiNafrio plays a newly enlisted Marine in boot camp who is continuously subjected to ridicule and abuse at the hands of his drill instructor as well as his fellow Marines.<span>  </span>After being put through seemingly endless physical and psychological abuse, the young private takes his own life.<span>  </span>Fast forward to the front lines, the field of combat in Vietnam.<span>  </span>The soldiers are all being forced to endure the unimaginable psychological and physical experiences of war time.<span>  </span>This goes to show how regardless of coming from a realistic approach or a creative futuristic approach, Stanley Kubrick creates incredibly intense movies with a seemingly common psychological basis.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">A Clockwork Orange </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">is worthy of preservation for its psychological approach, for Stanley Kubrick’s creative approach at addressing this, and the critical thinking spawned by the controversial topic of behavior modification/brainwashing.<span>  </span>B.F. Skinner first introduced the idea of operant conditioning much like what Alex was subjected to.<span>  </span>In his book, <i>The Behavior of Organisms (1938), </i>Skinner suggested that behavior could modified by reinforcement or even a lack of it.<span>  </span>(</span><a href="http://www.minddisorders.com"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">www.minddisorders.com</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">)<span>  </span>B.F. Skinner “anticipated a society in which the behavior of human beings might be scientifically engineered for the benefit of both the individual and the community.” (Fiero)<span>  </span>It is this idea that prompted the use of the Ludovico treatment which Alex was subjected to.<span>  </span>This is/was the use of a drug that induces nausea.<span>  </span>When applied at the same time as Alex’s violent behavior or the playing of his prized Beethoven, Alex then begins to associate these behaviors or things with the feeling of nausea thus deeming them bad.<span>  </span>It is for this that the movie should be preserved.<span>  </span>While the movie was made from a fictional book, it is still great for encouraging the idea of use of behavior modification.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">By applying the creative design of John Barry and his own cinematic genius, Stanley Kubrick was able to create a movie of high standards while simultaneously addressing the idea of whether or not the use of such behavior modification is justifiable.<span>  </span>There is a never-ending debate as to whether or not violence begets violence.<span>  </span>Is it okay to tell Alex his behavior is unacceptable only to subject him to the same wrong-doings?<span>  </span>Is it okay to create a victim, an individual who is weak and helpless to the outside world?<span>  </span>At what point does this become not okay?<span>  </span>These – and more – are all questions posed by Kubrick’s movie.<span>  </span>It is my view that it is important for this generation and those to come in the future should learn of this movie and come to know it.<span>  </span>Civil liberties and basic human rights can come into question thus tying in the critical thinking spawned by the controversial topic.<span>  </span>Posing questions like this the current and future generations could teach them and send them in the direction of becoming strong individuals intellectually.<span>  </span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;text-align: center" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> Works Cited</span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">A Clockwork Orange </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">by Stanley Kubrick</span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">m.newyorker.com/reporting.2012/06/04/120604fa_fact_burgess</span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Ending the Vietnam War: The Vietnamese Communists’ Perspective </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">by Ang Cheng Guan (found via Wikipedia)</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">***</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">This source was found via a Wikipedia article.<span>  </span>This book proved to be useful in establishing a historical context.<span>  </span>I used this to understand some of the historical and psychological issues of the time.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA’s Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">by T.A. Hepplewhite (found via Wikipedia)</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">***This source was also found via a Wikipedia article.<span>  </span>I used this book to also provide a basis for historical context.<span>  </span>This book helped to illustrate one of the many important things going on at the time.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/mobile/m/clockwork_orange/"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">www.rottentomatoes.com/mobile/m/clockwork_orange/</span></a></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">***The Rotten Tomatoes website.<span>  </span>I used this for basic film information as well as insight into other avenues of information sources. <span> </span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">mhppsychology.files.wordpress.com </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">***This addresses the question of operant questioning within the movie and whether or not it worked on Alex.<span>  </span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">www.psychologytoday.com/blog/psychologist-the-movies/2012505/classical-conditioning-in-clockwork-orange</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">***This website addressed the topic classical conditioning and aversion therapy both within and outside of film.<span>  </span>I used this article to aid in understanding of these topics as well as their application within the movie.<span>  </span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Tommennaindustries.com/2011/05/19/Stanley-kubrick’s-a-clockwork-orange-an-analysis-conditioning/</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">***This article helped to define conditioning and the three types.<span>  </span>It also aided in understanding the psychology within the movie as well as the weaknesses left behind as a result of the conditioning.<span>  </span>It was with the help of this article that I was able to narrow down the area of the film I wanted to address within my argument for preservation.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1976-24489-001</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">***This site helped provide information about behavior modification.<span>  </span>I used tis to help better understand the topic and its possible ramifications.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/3560945/abstract</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">***This article provided information about behavior modification in total institutions.<span>  </span>While I did not use this for specific information within my argument, I was able to use it for ideas of alternative avenues of research.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/36/2/159/</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">***This article provided information regarding psychoanalytic therapy.<span>  </span>Again, this was used mainly in an effort to narrow down possible avenues of research and ideas for this argument.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.psychologistworld.com/issues/behavioralapproach.php"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">www.psychologistworld.com/issues/behavioralapproach.php</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">***This provided information about the concept of the behavioral approach.<span>  </span>I utilized this website to better understand what could have or did motivate Stanley Kubrick and/or aid is his creating this movie.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://sites.google.com/a/depauw.edu/a-clockwork-orange/burgess-a"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">http://sites.google.com/a/depauw.edu/a-clockwork-orange/burgess-a</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">***This site provided information about the current reception of this movie.<span>  </span>I used this in understanding and analyzing the reception of this movie both then and now.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">imdb.com</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">***Imdb is a website that provides information about various movies and actors/actresses across the world.<span>  </span>I used this for background information both on the movie and Kubrick himself.</span></p>