<!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;-->

<!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;-->
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: center;"><strong><em><a href="http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/puccini-1-sized.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-3557 aligncenter" alt="puccini-1-sized" src="http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/puccini-1-sized-214x300.jpg" width="214" height="300" /></a></em></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">http://www.nndb.com/people/265/000087004/puccini-1-sized.jpg</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><strong><em>"Madama Butterfly"</em> by Giacomo Puccini</strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">This opera is based on the story by John Luther Long and the play by David Belasco.<span>  </span>The opera itself was written by Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924). Taking place in the early 20th century, Benjamin Franklin Pinkerton comes to Nagasaki for his prearranged marriage to Cio-Cio-San (Madame Butterfly) who is 15 years of age.<span>  </span>She is a geisha forced into the life by the loss of her family’s wealth.<span>  </span>Despite marrying Butterfly, Pinkerton is set to marry an American woman.<span>  </span>Butterfly is denounced for her “rejection” of her natural heritage.<span>  </span>Pinkerton leaves Nagasaki for three years and leaves behind Butterfly and their three year old son, Sorrow.<span>  </span>Butterfly is afraid he will never return, but he does and brings his American wife-Kate-along with him.<span>  </span>They talk Butterfly into letting them take Sorrow back with them.<span>  </span>Upon their departure, Butterfly is overcome with grief and sadness and commits suicide.<span>  </span>(</span><a href="http://www.columbia.edu/.....synopsis.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">www.columbia.edu/.....synopsis.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">)<span>  </span>Giacomo Puccini created in Madama Butterfly a work worthy of preservation because of his ability to express the importance of both the music and the story with his original musical elements, his ability to integrate real-life need for cultural assimilation into his work, and his general operatic intelligence.<!--more--></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span> </span><span>           </span>This opera is a great example of the transition into the modern era.<span>  </span>With its tragic love story with a sense of underlying betrayal, it is a piece that is easily relatable.<span>  </span>Also, there is a sense of truth behind this play.<span>  </span>This was actually a semi-common occurrence at this time.<span>  </span>Despite the complete and utter chaos at the time of its first production due to patrons finding it to be much like his previous works, it received good reviews.<span>  </span>Madama Butterfly is a classic and relatable story that allows for readers/viewers of all ages and backgrounds to learn and experience.<span>  </span>The music of Puccini’s operas comes from the words of the story.<span>  </span>Puccini’s works stemmed from his life.<span>  </span>Not only does the preservation of this work allow for future generations to learn and appreciate the music and its development but also to further learn and appreciate the life of Giacomo Puccini-one of the greatest composers of his time.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">At the time of Puccini’s birth, Italy was in the midst of a rash of rampant revolution and attempted reform.<span>  </span>Constitutions were being created by Italian republics in1848.<span>  </span>Eventually, revolutions would lead to the transfer of powers across many regions between 1849 and 1859.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">At the time of the conception of Madama Butterfly, Italy was in a time of turmoil.<span>  </span>The leaders of the country spent years trying to join the super powers of the world only to be met with resistance and a lack of finances.<span>  </span>Giovanni Giolitti was into his second term as Prime Minister.<span>  </span>The country was already in bad shape before Giolitti took his second term.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Italian colonies arising outside of the country as well as the eventual Italian involvement in World War I, also contributed to financial instability.<span>  </span>Corruption, starvation, and illiteracy were all rampant problems across the country.<span>  </span>Organized crime and rebellion were also rising.<span>  </span>Italians were flocking to America by the thousands in an effort to escape their steadily declining country.</span></p>

<div style="border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">There was also an uprising of political nationalism in countries throughout the periphery of European countries.<span>  </span>(www.britannica.com) The changes of socio-economic and political airs surrounding the time of WWI changed to views of all classes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A common style of the time was that of bel canto “beautiful singing”.<span>  </span>It became more refined as plots and music became more sophisticated and refined (www.educationscotland.gov.uk).<span>  </span>It was a type of Italian court singing which originated in the performance of polyphonic music in the 16th century.<span>  </span>Bel canto was based on the very precise control of the intensity of vocal tone.<span>  </span>A demand for vocal agility and a clear articulation of notes as well as well-performed enunciation of words was part of this style.<span>  </span>(www.britannica.com)<span>  </span>This particular style would eventually evolve into what would become the operas of the 17th to 19th centuries.<span>  </span>Use of the style eventually dropped out at the turn of the 20th century as operas and performances called more for heavier and more dramatic singing.<span>  </span></span></p>

</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">It gave precedence to melodic, rhythmic energies.<span>  </span>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, American composers such as Arnold Schoenberg began to break away from the concept of using key using “all notes freely without relating them to the system of functional harmony.” (www.britannica.com)<span>  </span>)<span>  </span>For instance, Schoenberg’s Suite for Piano was the first of his influential works that started this evolutionary change in music.<span>  </span>Schoenberg’s other works like Violin Concerto and A Survivor from Warsaw signaled the change and transition to what would eventually become Western music.<span>  </span>(www.allmusic.com) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Madama Butterfly is of deeper more serious tones even in the times when one would expect more of a jovial air.<span>  </span>The images of the opera and the words and the music are all undeniably tied together.<span>  </span>The drama surrounding the story of Butterfly and Pinkerton could not be told without the story created by Giacomo Puccini.<span>  </span>Puccini created a common theme within all of his works, that of “He who has lived for love, has died for love.” (www.britannica.com)<span>  </span>Many of the heroines within his works would eventually fall prey to their own devotions to their lovers.<span>  </span>This idea is quite prominent within Madama Butterfly.<span>  </span>The Puccini style of opera held a strong “emotional appeal but also the restricted scope” of his style.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Puccini was able to apply his own experiences to his characters and vice versa, he was able to channel his characters through himself.<span>  </span>Puccini was an intelligent opera creator who was well aware that an opera’s success is not based solely on its actions.<span>  </span>The lyrics and moments of contemplation are equally important.<span>  </span>He created original musical elements and melodies for these moments.<span>  </span>Death arias and rising moments of passion and radiance were created specifically for these times.<span>  </span>(www.britannica.com)<span>  </span>Puccini held an understanding for the melodies common to 19th century Italian opera but was simultaneously able to channel the likes of Stravinsky.<span>  </span>Puccini’s early works such as La Bohemme showed his capabilities early on.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">These characteristics can be seen in Madama Butterfly.<span>  </span>For instance, Puccini ran off with his married lover and engaged in an illegal union which produced a child.<span>  </span>It wasn’t until the death of her husband in 1904 – the year of the first performance – that they were able to legally marry.<span>  </span>While Butterfly and Pinkerton were not part of an illicit affair, Pinkerton did leave her to return to America for another woman.<span>  </span>In the end, Butterfly killed herself.<span>  </span>The dramatic relationship within the music and story is comparable to that of Puccini’s own life.<span>  </span>Throughout the opera, while the music itself wasn’t exactly complex, there were rises and falls and tone changes and musical passion which enabled a better telling in the story.<span>  </span>For the most part, the music betrayed little emotion.<span>  </span>It was these creations of Puccini’s that changed the opera entirely.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Initially, the citizens of the time had a fairly indifferent view.<span>  </span>Not many were very excited about the piece.<span>  </span>Many felt that it was too much like his previous works to warrant any significant amount of excitement.<span>  </span>During the original performance individuals were placed throughout the theater to insert outdoor noises into the performance.<span>  </span>However, it created such chaos that the initial reception was not all that grand.<span>  </span>(www.musicweb.ecsd.edu) With the “replay” came a much better reception.<span>  </span>There was considerable speculation that there was a conspiracy behind the entire fiasco.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Prior to the performance many members of the press held a bitter attitude toward Puccini and the opera itself.<span>  </span>Performers were forced to learn their parts a few pages at a time due largely to the release being so close to his previous piece.<span>  </span>The publisher required high degrees of secrecy.<span>  </span>The performers were not allowed to take their music/parts from the theater.<span>  </span>Not only was the publisher afraid of them being lost, but he was also convinced it would increase the level of suspense from the spectators.<span>  </span>(www.columbia.edu)<span>  </span>It was this “high-handed” aura.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The chaos of the premier wasn’t entirely at the fault of the strategically placed performers in the audience.<span>  </span>The close resemblance to La Bohemme seemed to irritate many of the critics and audience.<span>  </span>This seemed to only enhance to growing fiasco.<span>  </span>This fiasco seemed to be a surprise to people despite this.<span>  </span>Scholars<span>  </span>seemed to find structural issues with the opera such as the length of the acts.<span>  </span>It is also felt that the negative air generated by the Japanese-Russian conflict could have influenced the general reception among the public.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Madama Butterfly<span>  </span>is much better received in today’s society.<span>  </span>This can be seen in the fact that it is performed over and over again both in the States as well as abroad, especially in Italy.<span>     </span>Over the course of time, the sting of the fiasco of the premier has had a chance to dwindle.<span>  </span>Structurally speaking, there is still<span>  </span>question over the length of the acts but this has been much better received with the passage of time.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Still today there are countless performances.<span>  </span>For example, the LA Opera, the Metropolitan Opera, and the Seattle Opera are just a few that perform in the United States.<span>  </span>It is also performed in countless other theaters across the world such as the Sferisterio Opera at the Sferisterio Opera Festival in Italy.<span>  </span>There are also museum displays around the world that either did or do exist that have some connection to Puccini and his work.<span>  </span>For example, the Morgan Library &amp; Museum in New York, New York held a display of the original manuscripts in commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Giacomo Puccini’s death. (www.themorgan.org) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Initially,<span>  </span>I was not at all what one would term thrilled.<span>  </span>I knew little to nothing about the work itself outside of a few snippits of video I had seen in music classes over the years.<span>  </span>Upon choosing this topic for my TCP, I looked over a few different copies of a synopsis summarizing the opera in an order to actually learn what this was about.<span>  </span>Then I watched Madama Butterfly in its entirety.<span>  </span>I must say that I now hold a considerably different view.<span>  </span>This is one amazing piece of theatrical excellence.<span>  </span>The story emphasizes this dramatic love story full of emotion and turmoil.<span>  </span>There is also Butterfly’s struggle to change her life and herself only to be jilted by Pinkerton.<span>  </span>Quite honestly, I thought the man to be a coward and a spineless weasel.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">From a structural standpoint, I am no operatic genius the likes of Puccini.<span>  </span>However, I do agree with the scholarly standpoint that the acts were a bit lengthy.<span>  </span>Had I not done previous research to better understand the actual plot line, I would not have been able to sit through the entire two hour performance.<span>  </span>At the end,<span>  </span>I am glad to have put the time and effort into this.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">When compared to Igor Stravinsky’s Song of the Nightingale both similarities and differences are noticeable.<span>  </span>There is the obvious content similarity of the Asian basis.<span>  </span>Nightingale is Chinese and Butterfly is Japanese, but the Asian<span>  </span>basis is there.<span>  </span>With regard to content, the story/plot line is different.<span>  </span>Butterfly is/was more of a love story turned drama while Nightingale is about the Chinese emperor’s fixation or enchantment with the song of the nightingale and the power of the nightingale’s song.<span>  </span>(www.classicalarchives.com)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">When addressing the opera itself, again there are similarities and differences.<span>  </span>For example, the intensity of Nightingale’s<span>  </span>music seems to carry throughout the work.<span>  </span>Some places are lighter than others and some are heavier than others, but for the majority, the intensity seems to follow through fairly consistently.<span>  </span>With the music of Butterfly, there are more rises and falls.<span>  </span>There are more places in which the change in mood is more obvious within Butterfly.<span>  </span>Nightingale is supposed to be about the power of the nightingale and its music.<span>  </span>There also seems to be much less singing within Nightingale (youtube.com) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">There is also the obvious difference in length.<span>  </span>Madama Butterfly is three acts of considerable length.<span>  </span>The opera in its entirety is approximately two hours long, over twice what was common at the time.<span>  </span>However, Stravinsky’s Song of the Nightingale is only two much shorter acts totalling to approximately 45 minutes in length.<span>  </span>Some have gone so far as to say Nightingale is more like being<span>  </span>“three scenes in a single act opera.” (White in Archives)<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">First and foremost, Giacomo Puccini was an operatic genius.<span>  </span>He understood early on that the actions of the opera and the music were of equal importance.<span>  </span>He was able to create and integrate original musical elements which enabled him to tell the story of Butterfly and Pinkerton with such finesse thus adding a second reason for which Madama Butterfly should and must be preserved.<span>  </span>Whether the audience knew what was going on or not, it wouldn’t have been very difficult to get some small grasp on the story line.<span>  </span>Puccini changed the face of opera forever which his ups and downs, rises and falls, and actually create emotion with music.<span>  </span>This is a side to opera that future generations must come to know and appreciate, and Puccini’s Butterfly is the perfect example to teach this.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Secondly, Butterfly was created in a time when the need for cultural assimilation was necessary and cultural understanding wasn’t exactly widespread.<span>  </span>On the verge of the first world war, international horizons were full of immigration, political strife, individual changes, and stories like that of Butterfly and Pinkerton.<span>  </span>By illustrating this constant need for assimilation and the accompanying emotions with his music, Puccini creates a work that is relatable and real-life.<span>  </span>In a time when our society is even more culturally diverse than it was then, it is even more important for those of this generation and those to come to grasp the struggle.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j8XEyHHr2K8[/youtube]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Works Cited</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. &lt;www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/education/puccini.html&gt;.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">***This is a PBS website containing biographical information on Giacomo Puccini.<span>  </span>I used this particular website to learn about Puccini at the time of his writing, how he may have shown his life through his work, and also as an alternative means for historical background.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Columbia Univeristy. Columbia University, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span>            </span>&lt;www.columbia.edu/itc/music/NYCO/butterfly/fiasco.html&gt;.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">***This is a website sponsored by Columbia University which led to an html file on <i>Madama Butterfly</i>.<span>  </span>This particular information proved useful in researching reception at the time of production/release, more specifically the fiasco that ensued on the day of its original release.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Pasler, J. USCD, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. &lt;musicweb.ucsd.edu/~jpasler/wp/wp-</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span>            </span><span> </span>content/uploads/2012/06/Pasler-Japonisme2008.pdf&gt;.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">***This is a critical analysis of <i>Madama Butterfly</i> by Jann Pasler which focuses on the Japanese aspect and the concerns with assimilation.<span>  </span>It also holds information to better understand the reception at the time.<span>  </span>Pasler explains that Russian-Japanese tensions at the time could have affected the reception.<span>  </span>I used this as a second means to understand the reception of this opera at the time considering the obvious Japanese content.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Life in Italy." Life in Italy. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span>            </span>&lt;http://www.lifeinitaly.com/history/life-italy-during-19th-century&gt;.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">***Life in Italy is a website that contains information of Italy and its history.<span>  </span>It allows for an understanding of the historical happenings at the time of Puccini’s birth as well as the creation of <i>Madama Butterfly</i>.<span>  </span>I used this to learn what was happening in Italy and the surrounding world(s) and how it could have potentially influenced Puccini and his work.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">"Life in Italy - 1900." Life in Italy. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span>            </span>&lt;http://www.lifeinitaly.com/history/italy-1900&gt;.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">***Again,</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Life in Italy is a website that contains information of Italy and its history.<span>  </span>It allows for an understanding of the historical happenings at the time of Puccini’s birth as well as the creation of Madama Butterfly.<span>  </span>I used this to learn what was happening in Italy and the surrounding world(s) and how it could have potentially influenced Puccini and his work.<span>  </span>This particular section was more tailored toward the time of release.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[youtube]<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxL16AqWZ6A"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxL16AqWZ6A</span></a>[/youtube]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j8XEyHHr2K8</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">***This is a YouTube showing of <i>Madama Butterfly </i>in its entirety.<span>  </span>A bit long but very enjoyable.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Columbia University. Columbia University, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span>            </span>&lt;www.columbia.edu/itc/music/NYCO/butterfly/synopsis.html&gt;.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">***This is a synopsis of the opera.<span>  </span>It explained all three acts.<span>  </span>I used this to actually know what the opera was about as I had no idea prior to this assignment.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Education Scotland. Education Scotland, n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">&lt;</span><a href="http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/learnlisteningonline/higherandadvancedhigher/musicaltopics/opera/20thcentury.asp"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">www.educationscotland.gov.uk/learnlisteningonline/higherandadvancedhigher/musicaltopics/opera/20thcentury.asp</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">&gt;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">***This website is by Education Scotland.<span>  </span>This particular portion the site contains information on works of the era.<span>  </span>I used this in my efforts to compare <i>La Bohemme </i>and <i>Madama Butterfly</i>.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span>            </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Staff, Rovi. "Arnold Schoenberg - Artist Biography." AllMusic. AllMusic, n.d. Web. 3 Nov. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span>            </span>2013. &lt;http://www.allmusic.com/artist/arnold-schoenberg-mn0000691043/biography&gt;.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">***This is from the website AllMusic.<span>  </span>This particular section references Arnold Schoenberg’s biography.<span>  </span>I referenced Schoenberg in an effort to understand works and trends of the time.<span>  </span>I used this site and its information in order to better understand Schoenberg and his work.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">"THE MORGAN TO DISPLAY ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPTS FROM MADAMA </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">BUTTERFLY AND LA BOHÈME IN NEW EXHIBITION ON GIACOMO PUCCINI ." The Morgan Library &amp; Museum. N.p., 24 July 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2013. &lt;http://www.themorgan.org/about/pressReleases2.asp?id=57&gt;.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">***This is from the website for the Morgan Library &amp; Museum in New York.<span>  </span>It is a press release referencing a display of the original manuscript for <i><span> </span>Madama Butterfly.</i><span>  </span>I used this to get a better look at today’s reception of Puccini’s work.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition. 6th ed. Vol. 2. N.p.: McGraw-Hill, n.d. Textbook. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span>            </span>Web. 2013.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">***This is our text book.<span>  </span>I used it for general information and for a basis for analysis.</span></p>