(3444,86,'2013-10-14 11:33:48','2013-10-14 17:33:48','<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/modest.jpg\"><img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3441\" alt=\"modest\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/modest-167x300.jpg\" width=\"167\" height=\"300\" /></a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">A Modest Proposal</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">(For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland From Being a Burden to Their Parents of Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Jonathan swift</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">1729</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nSwift’s A Modest Proposal is in short his satirical suggested solution to the famine that weighed heavily on the people of Ireland. However, it is much more than that. With Swift’s proposal it is clear that his solution that \"…children should be bred and butchered for the English dining table, thus providing income for the poor and alleviating the miseries of all…\" was not the correct way to go. (Fiero) Swift opens with a heart wrenching description of the destitute women and children on the streets. He explains that as the children grow older they are a continuous burden on the parents and society because they become thieves. He suggests that his proposal will be great for the entire population. He identifies a year old is a proper age to be sold and \"will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat\" (Swift). He admits that predominately the boys will be sold because the females are able to breed and feed the babies they birth and to sell them would be \"bordering upon cruelty\" (Swift). He claims that he doesn\'t have any personal motives in offering his idea besides \"the public good of my country, by advancing our trade, providing for infants, relieving the poor, and giving some pleasure to the rich\" (Swift). Ironically, he ends his proposal by informing the reader that none of his kids are young enough to be a part of his solution and his wife is too old to have any more kids. This inevitably solidifies the satirical irony this proposal is founded on. A Modest Proposal should be preserved because it teaches the complete tragedy of the times and its effects on society historically, in both an informational and entertaining style.<a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/modest.jpg\"><!--more--></a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAt the time A Modest Proposal was written at a time when the British government was severely oppressing the Irish people. They had limited the Irish folks\' ability to export nearly everything that was worth exporting as well as forcing them to make all their purchases from foreign sellers because the imports were so few. Many of the families were unable to feed their own children because of how little income they were able to gain, this is something that Swift reviews as the \"cruel and enduring realities of Ireland\'s social misery\" (Briggs). They were in a terrible condition because \"the Irish that had legitimated the English colonization of Ireland for centuries\" (Splenetic). There was a great upset in the religious world as well. Although Catholicism was the major religion the Protestant minorities had immigrated to England and for the idea of safety in numbers they unity with the English. This unity brought a force that created \"a series of discriminatory inheritance laws which effectively broke up large Catholic estates\" (Baker). This left the \"Anglo-Irish\" as the prime owners of the country so to speak. However, as the redheaded step children they had no unity driving force, their people constantly split between two powers, Tory Lordship and Whiggish House of Commons, vying for the overall rule, leaving those with very little caught in the middle with no one fighting on their behalf. The lack of powerful leadership left them vulnerable to the strong hand of the English who desired no competition in the economy for farms and businesses. Thus, they created laws that at the root destroyed the Irish economy and brought the famine and destitution of the Irish people.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nHe copied a popular style of the time and used pamphlets that could be easily passed out in mass quantities for not very much money. He used this humorous approach because often times the solutions of his peers had such disregard for the tragic implication on the people whom they were supposed to be helping for the sake of economic efficiency. The suggestion of cannibalism was a theme that ran among the pamphleteers. It suggested that the Irish were so below humanity they were \"given to dietary practices\" (Splenetic). The many authors may have had some sympathy because this was the way the Irish were viewed they also had \"disgust and contempt for the objects of the slur\" (Splenetic). Swift was able to pull ideas from the writings of others over the previous seventy years. Swift\'s foundation for his writings is in the \"methods and implicit values\" of the pioneers in this type of influential writing, that create \"the confident social and financial projections of Swift\'s proposers\" (Briggs).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe satirical stand point from which Swift wrote this pamphlet marks it a part from others of it\'s kind. He was quite negative with his outlook of humanity and once even wrote a letter to Alexander Pope \"that he hated the human race, whose misuse of reason produced, in his view, an irredeemably corrupt society\" (Fiero). This ability to see the works of his predecessors and identify what made them ridiculous, in their disregard for the effect of their proposals, actually made him a better writer. He was able to \"extend the life of the original[s], even while drawing critical attention to [them]\" (Briggs). Other pieces allowed \"formal values to take precedence over feeling and human ones\" so Swift flipped the script and showed the true colors of those writings with a \"man\'s overconfident and unfeeling slavery to the same methods\" (Briggs).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe pamphlet was not well received in it\'s time. Many took the pamphlet too literally, which lead them to believe that swift\'s intentions were to actually beginning eating their children. This for any mother is an absolute abomination to her family and of course no one thought this was a good idea. For those who were able to understand and catch on to his satirical stand point they did. To want any more of the pamphlets to be printed as it so clearly was pointing the laughing finger in the face of such a serious matter and \"expressing contempt for the community under scrutiny,\" (Chowdhury).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nBarbara Bengels wrote a short piece on A modest proposal and focused on Swift\'s usage of clothes. She read into why he would have used the symbolism if clothes and identified it as it being something mothers are able to take pride in and how the \"physical revulsion\" comes from the comparison dressing a child in clothes and dressing a child with gravy. She thinks Swift is revealing the moral depravity of the times. She believes that Swift may be chastising the reader and their ability to pick up these comparisons he was making because he so cleverly covers up his true intentions. She claims he is hiding the meaning \"behind a mask of feigned sincerity\" (Bengels). I think this very deep reflection on the pamphlet can be credited to hindsight being 20/20.  She is able to see from a deep perspective exactly what he was implying and assign a greater meaning to it.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nI found Swifts proposal hilarious and terribly sad. To think this actually was to be looked at as even a momentary solution means that it was representative of a time of such dyer  circumstances. I understand the satire he was using and how it was reflective of the times, which magnifies the horrendous lack of humanity that was being used by the leadership of the times. I found it the language he uses to set the scene at the very beginning of the pamphlet meaningful because he wrenches at the heart of the reader. He identifies exactly who is being hurt by the bad economy. Women and children appear to be taking the brunt of the situation. They are the ones that need the most help and who would be able to \"benefit\" from his solution. It is really quite sad that Swift identifies that the women would not have to take care of the children after they are a year old as a positive side to his suggestion. I think it is admirable how he is able to add humor to such a horrible topic. He very smartly takes the very thing that other writers had disregarded as unimportant, which is humanity and our values and morals, and showed the reader just how poor those ideas were. It is a very well thought out and crafted piece of literature, that is able to show us the history of his writings as well as reveal to us the depravity they were facing all in a light hearted manner.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nA Modest Proposal can be compared to the visual satires of William Hogarth. Hogarth had a wholly different talent of bringing a parody of attention to the human experience. While Swift uses words to ironically paint the scene of the tragedy that was sweeping a nation, Hogarth is able to make prints and paintings with humor poking at reality. Hogarth actually illustrated \"Gulliver\'s Travels\" by Swift. Hogarth\'s pieces were reprinted and sold without his permission, this was before the first copy write laws. Contrastingly, Swift wanted his pamphlets to be reproduced and spread out as far and wide as possible, for he claims he did not have anything to gain. The engraving Gin Lane by Hogarth contrasts with Swifts proposal because they are just that, an engraving and a proposal. Gin Lane takes place in London, while A Modest Proposal is meant for Ireland. Both focus on the situations of the poor. Both works are dramatic views into the disparity of the times with an overlaying facts of the times and an underlaying parody of extremity. Both works view woman as the focus of the hard times, however, Gin Lane recognizes men, women and children while A Modest Proposal generally focuses as children with a rippling effect on economy as a whole. Gin Lane is drawing attention to \"gin addiction\" as a \"heroic attack on the social conditions of [the] time\". A Modest Proposal is an attack on the situation and previous proposed solutions. (Fiero)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nI think the most significant thing about this work that future generations should be aware of is how close to reality these events were. Even if they have very little idea of the 1700\'s, the descriptive words used to identify exactly what was going on is enough of a history lesson to give them a good grasp of what was happening then. Not only is it a good history type of lesson it is also fairly enjoyable to read. I think this credits the pamphlet above the others. While the other pamphleteers may have had \"good\" ideas of what solutions should be (I say that in quotes because they were truly horrible ideas they cloaked with fancy words and roundabout phrases similar to politicians so readers would have a difficult time deciphering the true implications), none can hold a match to the great Swift in his ability to identify the problem and make it humorous at that. If the future desires to know about the times and get a peek into the the 1700\'s while being entertained (which may I dare say, is a difficult thing to find), they ought to preserve and read A Modest Proposal.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nWorks Cited\r\n\r\nBaker, Lyman A. “Conditions in Early Eighteenth Century Ireland”.  Periodical. 1999.  Kansas State University. 7 Oct 2013\r\n\r\nThis was a personal article written. I used this to better understand the historical times.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nBengels, Barbara. \"Swift\'s A MODEST PROPOSAL.\" Explicator 65.1 (2006): 13-15. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Oct. 2013.\r\n\r\nThis was a periodical where she observed Swift’s use of clothing in his writings. that I used to see what people of current times think of the pamphlet.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nBriggs, Peter M. \"John Graunt, Sir William Petty, And Swift\'s Modest Proposal.\" Eighteenth-Century Life 29.2 (2005): 3-24. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Oct. 2013.\r\n\r\nThis was an excerpt from a book that compared the style and ideas of these three authors. I used this to better define Swift’s in comparison to other writers of the time. Also, I was able to see what made Swift’s writings satirical because I could see the true intentions of other writers.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nChowdhury, Ahsan. \"Splenetic Ogres And Heroic Cannibals In Jonathan Swift\'s A Modest Proposal (1729).\" English Studies In Canada 34.2/3 (2008): 131-157. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Oct. 2013.\r\n\r\nThis article described the comparison and usage of the idea of cannibalism within Swift’s writings. I used this to gain a better understanding of what people thought of the work then.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nFiero, Gloria K. “Humanistic Tradition Vol 2”. Ebook. McGraw Hill. 2011.\r\n\r\nThis is our book for class. I used this to compare Hogarth’s works with Swift’s writings.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nHozeski, Bruce W. \"A Mathematical Error In Jonathan Swift\'s \"A Modest Proposal.\" American Notes &amp; Queries 15.4 (1976): 53. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Oct. 2013.\r\n\r\nThis is an article that looks into the thought of Swift’s proposal being mathematically incorrect and the insinuations that come with that. I used this to see understand the text of Swift’s proposal better.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nSwift, Jonathan. “A Modest Proposal”. Renascence Edition. 2003. University of Oregon. 3Oct 2013.\r\n\r\nThis is the full actual work of Swift. I based my entire proposal for preserving off of this.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','','','inherit','open','open','','3437-revision-v1','','','2013-10-14 11:33:48','2013-10-14 17:33:48','',3437,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=3444',0,'revision','',0),(3438,58,'2013-10-14 11:29:26','2013-10-14 17:29:26','','mary','','inherit','open','open','','mary','','','2013-10-14 11:29:26','2013-10-14 17:29:26','',3426,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/mary.jpg',0,'attachment','image/jpeg',0),(3443,80,'2013-10-14 11:31:39','2013-10-14 17:31:39','&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAs it has been called a “comedy with music” this is known for one of the finest Italian comic operas. The underlying and social implications of this story, this is one of Mozart’s most inspired operas. This should be preserved, as Mozart used the emotional power of music to translate his understanding of humanity.\r\n\r\nItalian opera was superior in Europe, where fairy-tale themes serving to the glorified princes. Mozart did not like the operas as he felt they would hold back the drama. He wanted to make an opera with real situations and everyday modern problems. In 1786 Mozart decided to write music to The Marriage of Figaro. In this story line servants have the same right as their masters, and with Mozart’s music it helped with the story’s underlying sarcasm. It contains delightful music that expresses high-quality humor as well as a delicate proposition of the story’s intriguing and unfair and dishonest practices.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTo understand this piece here is a quick Synopsis of the opera. The Marriage of Figaro continues the plot of The Barber of Seville several years later, and recounts a single \"day of madness\" (<i>la folle giornata</i>) in the palace of Count Almaviva in Spain. Rosina is now the Countess; Dr. Bartolo is seeking revenge against Figaro, as he plans to marry Rosina himself; yet Count Almaviva has declined the romantic youth of <i>Barber</i>. After giving Figaro a job as head of his servant-staff, he is now determined to obtain favors from Figaro\'s bride-to-be, Susanna. However; Count keeps giving excuse after excuse to delay the wedding of his two servants, which is arranged for marriage this very day. Figaro, Susanna, and Countess plot for a way to humiliate Count and expose his plan.  But when Count is exposed, he rebels by trying to force Figaro to marry an older woman who could be his mother. This threat turns out not working since the woman he chose ended up being his mother. Count\'s love for Countess was re-established after Figaro\'s and Susanna\'s quick management.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe upper class was surprised that they were not flattered. They refused to attend any of Mozart’s concerts.  The Emperor felt it was too long and that was why they did not like it.  The other composer loved his work yet, said it was not very good because they were jealous. Watch this small clip from the movie Amadeus where it shows Mozart conducting the Marriage of Figaro, you see the Emperor yawning and other composers smiling and listen to what the other composer says.\r\n\r\n[youtube]<a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTfiboMetpY\">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTfiboMetpY</a>[/youtube]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nYou can see Mozart’s feelings in his music by listening to the music. Listen to the way the music moves really slow and you can feel the tension in his music as he is in the depressed state, at the same time the music switches to quick, upbeat, and fast paced while his mood switches to a happier and wittier Mozart. After time Mozart becomes broke and depressed; he becomes sick and has to borrow money from his friends. When the modern opera did not go as plan he continues borrowing money and eventually dies. But when asked today how people feel about this piece, they love it. Today people recreate this opera more often as it is readily accepted in today’s world than before.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','The Marriage of Figaro ','','inherit','open','open','','3420-revision-v1','','','2013-10-14 11:31:39','2013-10-14 17:31:39','',3420,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=3443',0,'revision','',0),(3439,80,'2013-10-14 11:29:54','2013-10-14 17:29:54','[youtube]Insert video URL or ID here[/youtube]\r\n\r\nAs it has been called a “comedy with music” this is known for one of the finest Italian comic operas. The underlying and social implications of this story, this is one of Mozart’s most inspired operas. This should be preserved, as Mozart used the emotional power of music to translate his understanding of humanity.\r\n\r\nItalian opera was superior in Europe, where fairy-tale themes serving to the glorified princes. Mozart did not like the operas as he felt they would hold back the drama. He wanted to make an opera with real situations and everyday modern problems. In 1786 Mozart decided to write music to The Marriage of Figaro. In this story line servants have the same right as their masters, and with Mozart’s music it helped with the story’s underlying sarcasm. It contains delightful music that expresses high-quality humor as well as a delicate proposition of the story’s intriguing and unfair and dishonest practices.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mozart,_The_Marriage_of_Figaro_(overture).ogg\">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mozart,_The_Marriage_of_Figaro_(overture).ogg</a>\r\n\r\nTo understand this piece here is a quick Synopsis of the opera. The Marriage of Figaro continues the plot of The Barber of Seville several years later, and recounts a single \"day of madness\" (<i>la folle giornata</i>) in the palace of Count Almaviva in Spain. Rosina is now the Countess; Dr. Bartolo is seeking revenge against Figaro, as he plans to marry Rosina himself; yet Count Almaviva has declined the romantic youth of <i>Barber</i>. After giving Figaro a job as head of his servant-staff, he is now determined to obtain favors from Figaro\'s bride-to-be, Susanna. However; Count keeps giving excuse after excuse to delay the wedding of his two servants, which is arranged for marriage this very day. Figaro, Susanna, and Countess plot for a way to humiliate Count and expose his plan.  But when Count is exposed, he rebels by trying to force Figaro to marry an older woman who could be his mother. This threat turns out not working since the woman he chose ended up being his mother. Count\'s love for Countess was re-established after Figaro\'s and Susanna\'s quick management.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe upper class was surprised that they were not flattered. They refused to attend any of Mozart’s concerts.  The Emperor felt it was too long and that was why they did not like it.  The other composer loved his work yet, said it was not very good because they were jealous. Watch this small clip from the movie Amadeus where it shows Mozart conducting the Marriage of Figaro, you see the Emperor yawning and other composers smiling and listen to what the other composer says.\r\n\r\n[youtube]<a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTfiboMetpY\">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTfiboMetpY</a>[/youtube]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nYou can see Mozart’s feelings in his music by listening to the music. Listen to the way the music moves really slow and you can feel the tension in his music as he is in the depressed state, at the same time the music switches to quick, upbeat, and fast paced while his mood switches to a happier and wittier Mozart. After time Mozart becomes broke and depressed; he becomes sick and has to borrow money from his friends. When the modern opera did not go as plan he continues borrowing money and eventually dies. But when asked today how people feel about this piece, they love it. Today people recreate this opera more often as it is readily accepted in today’s world than before.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','The Marriage of Figaro ','','inherit','open','open','','3420-revision-v1','','','2013-10-14 11:29:54','2013-10-14 17:29:54','',3420,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=3439',0,'revision','',0),(3461,80,'2013-10-14 12:10:51','2013-10-14 18:10:51','[youtube]<a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OZCyp-LcGw\">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OZCyp-LcGw</a>[/youtube]\r\n\r\nAs it has been called a “comedy with music” this is known for one of the finest Italian comic operas. The underlying and social implications of this story, is one of Mozart’s most inspired operas. This should be preserved, as Mozart used the emotional power of music to translate his understanding of humanity.\r\n\r\nItalian opera was superior in Europe, where fairy-tale themes serving to the glorified princes. Mozart did not like the operas as he felt they would hold back the drama. He wanted to make an opera with real situations and everyday modern problems. In 1786 Mozart decided to write music to The Marriage of Figaro. In this story line servants have the same right as their masters, and with Mozart’s music it helped with the story’s underlying sarcasm. It contains delightful music that expresses high-quality humor as well as a delicate proposition of the story’s intriguing and unfair and dishonest practices.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTo understand this piece here is a quick Synopsis of the opera. The Marriage of Figaro continues the plot of The Barber of Seville several years later, and recounts a single \"day of madness\" (<i>la folle giornata</i>) in the palace of Count Almaviva in Spain. Rosina is now the Countess; Dr. Bartolo is seeking revenge against Figaro, as he plans to marry Rosina himself; yet Count Almaviva has declined the romantic youth of <i>Barber</i>. After giving Figaro a job as head of his servant-staff, he is now determined to obtain favors from Figaro\'s bride-to-be, Susanna. However; Count keeps giving excuse after excuse to delay the wedding of his two servants, which is arranged for marriage this very day. Figaro, Susanna, and Countess plot for a way to humiliate Count and expose his plan.  But when Count is exposed, he rebels by trying to force Figaro to marry an older woman who could be his mother. This threat turns out not working since the woman he chose ended up being his mother. Count\'s love for Countess was re-established after Figaro\'s and Susanna\'s quick management.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe upper class was surprised that they were not flattered. They refused to attend any of Mozart’s concerts.  The Emperor felt it was too long and that was why they did not like it.  The other composer loved his work yet, said it was not very good because they were jealous. Watch this small clip from the movie Amadeus where it shows Mozart conducting the Marriage of Figaro, you see the Emperor yawning and other composers smiling and listen to what the other composer says.\r\n\r\n[youtube]<a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTfiboMetpY\">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTfiboMetpY</a>[/youtube]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nYou can see Mozart’s feelings in his music by listening to the music. Listen to the way the music moves really slow and you can feel the tension in his music as he is in the depressed state, at the same time the music switches to quick, upbeat, and fast paced while his mood switches to a happier and wittier Mozart. After time Mozart becomes broke and depressed; he becomes sick and has to borrow money from his friends. When the modern opera did not go as plan he continues borrowing money and eventually dies at the age of 35. But when asked today how people feel about this piece, it shows by all the different times this piece has been recreated as this opera is readily accepted in today’s world than before.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nCited work\r\n\r\n\"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.\" <i>Films On Demand</i>. Films Media Group, 1998. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. &lt;http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=17517&amp;xtid=29999&gt;.\r\n\r\n<a id=\"linkMozartWolfgangAmadeus\" title=\"Search for Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus\" href=\"__doLinkPostBack(\'\',\'ss%7E%7EAR%20%22Mozart%2C%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%22%7C%7Csl%7E%7Erl\',\'\');\">Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus</a><a id=\"linkFisherBurtonD.\" title=\"Search for Fisher, Burton D.\" href=\"__doLinkPostBack(\'\',\'ss%7E%7EAR%20%22Fisher%2C%20Burton%20D%2E%22%7C%7Csl%7E%7Erl\',\'\');\">Fisher, Burton D.</a>In Marriage of Figaro.Coral Gables, Fla : Opera Journeys. 2001\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','Mozart\'s The Marriage of Figaro ','','inherit','open','open','','3420-revision-v1','','','2013-10-14 12:10:51','2013-10-14 18:10:51','',3420,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=3461',0,'revision','',0),(3441,86,'2013-10-14 11:31:12','2013-10-14 17:31:12','','modest','','inherit','open','open','','modest','','','2013-10-14 11:31:12','2013-10-14 17:31:12','',3437,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/modest.jpg',0,'attachment','image/jpeg',0),(3442,80,'2013-10-14 11:31:23','2013-10-14 17:31:23','[youtube]<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mozart,_The_Marriage_of_Figaro_(overture).ogg\">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mozart,_The_Marriage_of_Figaro_(overture).ogg</a>[/youtube]\r\n\r\nAs it has been called a “comedy with music” this is known for one of the finest Italian comic operas. The underlying and social implications of this story, this is one of Mozart’s most inspired operas. This should be preserved, as Mozart used the emotional power of music to translate his understanding of humanity.\r\n\r\nItalian opera was superior in Europe, where fairy-tale themes serving to the glorified princes. Mozart did not like the operas as he felt they would hold back the drama. He wanted to make an opera with real situations and everyday modern problems. In 1786 Mozart decided to write music to The Marriage of Figaro. In this story line servants have the same right as their masters, and with Mozart’s music it helped with the story’s underlying sarcasm. It contains delightful music that expresses high-quality humor as well as a delicate proposition of the story’s intriguing and unfair and dishonest practices.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTo understand this piece here is a quick Synopsis of the opera. The Marriage of Figaro continues the plot of The Barber of Seville several years later, and recounts a single \"day of madness\" (<i>la folle giornata</i>) in the palace of Count Almaviva in Spain. Rosina is now the Countess; Dr. Bartolo is seeking revenge against Figaro, as he plans to marry Rosina himself; yet Count Almaviva has declined the romantic youth of <i>Barber</i>. After giving Figaro a job as head of his servant-staff, he is now determined to obtain favors from Figaro\'s bride-to-be, Susanna. However; Count keeps giving excuse after excuse to delay the wedding of his two servants, which is arranged for marriage this very day. Figaro, Susanna, and Countess plot for a way to humiliate Count and expose his plan.  But when Count is exposed, he rebels by trying to force Figaro to marry an older woman who could be his mother. This threat turns out not working since the woman he chose ended up being his mother. Count\'s love for Countess was re-established after Figaro\'s and Susanna\'s quick management.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe upper class was surprised that they were not flattered. They refused to attend any of Mozart’s concerts.  The Emperor felt it was too long and that was why they did not like it.  The other composer loved his work yet, said it was not very good because they were jealous. Watch this small clip from the movie Amadeus where it shows Mozart conducting the Marriage of Figaro, you see the Emperor yawning and other composers smiling and listen to what the other composer says.\r\n\r\n[youtube]<a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTfiboMetpY\">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTfiboMetpY</a>[/youtube]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nYou can see Mozart’s feelings in his music by listening to the music. Listen to the way the music moves really slow and you can feel the tension in his music as he is in the depressed state, at the same time the music switches to quick, upbeat, and fast paced while his mood switches to a happier and wittier Mozart. After time Mozart becomes broke and depressed; he becomes sick and has to borrow money from his friends. When the modern opera did not go as plan he continues borrowing money and eventually dies. But when asked today how people feel about this piece, they love it. Today people recreate this opera more often as it is readily accepted in today’s world than before.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','The Marriage of Figaro ','','inherit','open','open','','3420-revision-v1','','','2013-10-14 11:31:23','2013-10-14 17:31:23','',3420,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=3442',0,'revision','',0),(3437,86,'2013-10-14 11:33:48','2013-10-14 17:33:48','<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/modest.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-3441 aligncenter\" alt=\"modest\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/modest-167x300.jpg\" width=\"167\" height=\"300\" /></a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">A Modest Proposal</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland From Being a Burden to Their Parents of Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Jonathan swift</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">1729</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nSwift’s A Modest Proposal is in short his satirical suggested solution to the famine that weighed heavily on the people of Ireland. However, it is much more than that. With Swift’s proposal it is clear that his solution that \"…children should be bred and butchered for the English dining table, thus providing income for the poor and alleviating the miseries of all…\" was not the correct way to go. (Fiero) Swift opens with a heart wrenching description of the destitute women and children on the streets. He explains that as the children grow older they are a continuous burden on the parents and society because they become thieves. He suggests that his proposal will be great for the entire population. He identifies a year old is a proper age to be sold and \"will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat\" (Swift). He admits that predominately the boys will be sold because the females are able to breed and feed the babies they birth and to sell them would be \"bordering upon cruelty\" (Swift). He claims that he doesn\'t have any personal motives in offering his idea besides \"the public good of my country, by advancing our trade, providing for infants, relieving the poor, and giving some pleasure to the rich\" (Swift). Ironically, he ends his proposal by informing the reader that none of his kids are young enough to be a part of his solution and his wife is too old to have any more kids. This inevitably solidifies the satirical irony this proposal is founded on. A Modest Proposal should be preserved because it teaches the complete tragedy of the times and its effects on society historically, in both an informational and entertaining style.<a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/modest.jpg\"><!--more--></a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAt the time A Modest Proposal was written at a time when the British government was severely oppressing the Irish people. They had limited the Irish folks\' ability to export nearly everything that was worth exporting as well as forcing them to make all their purchases from foreign sellers because the imports were so few. Many of the families were unable to feed their own children because of how little income they were able to gain, this is something that Swift reviews as the \"cruel and enduring realities of Ireland\'s social misery\" (Briggs). They were in a terrible condition because \"the Irish that had legitimated the English colonization of Ireland for centuries\" (Splenetic). There was a great upset in the religious world as well. Although Catholicism was the major religion the Protestant minorities had immigrated to England and for the idea of safety in numbers they unity with the English. This unity brought a force that created \"a series of discriminatory inheritance laws which effectively broke up large Catholic estates\" (Baker). This left the \"Anglo-Irish\" as the prime owners of the country so to speak. However, as the redheaded step children they had no unity driving force, their people constantly split between two powers, Tory Lordship and Whiggish House of Commons, vying for the overall rule, leaving those with very little caught in the middle with no one fighting on their behalf. The lack of powerful leadership left them vulnerable to the strong hand of the English who desired no competition in the economy for farms and businesses. Thus, they created laws that at the root destroyed the Irish economy and brought the famine and destitution of the Irish people.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nHe copied a popular style of the time and used pamphlets that could be easily passed out in mass quantities for not very much money. He used this humorous approach because often times the solutions of his peers had such disregard for the tragic implication on the people whom they were supposed to be helping for the sake of economic efficiency. The suggestion of cannibalism was a theme that ran among the pamphleteers. It suggested that the Irish were so below humanity they were \"given to dietary practices\" (Splenetic). The many authors may have had some sympathy because this was the way the Irish were viewed they also had \"disgust and contempt for the objects of the slur\" (Splenetic). Swift was able to pull ideas from the writings of others over the previous seventy years. Swift\'s foundation for his writings is in the \"methods and implicit values\" of the pioneers in this type of influential writing, that create \"the confident social and financial projections of Swift\'s proposers\" (Briggs).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe satirical stand point from which Swift wrote this pamphlet marks it a part from others of it\'s kind. He was quite negative with his outlook of humanity and once even wrote a letter to Alexander Pope \"that he hated the human race, whose misuse of reason produced, in his view, an irredeemably corrupt society\" (Fiero). This ability to see the works of his predecessors and identify what made them ridiculous, in their disregard for the effect of their proposals, actually made him a better writer. He was able to \"extend the life of the original[s], even while drawing critical attention to [them]\" (Briggs). Other pieces allowed \"formal values to take precedence over feeling and human ones\" so Swift flipped the script and showed the true colors of those writings with a \"man\'s overconfident and unfeeling slavery to the same methods\" (Briggs).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe pamphlet was not well received in it\'s time. Many took the pamphlet too literally, which lead them to believe that swift\'s intentions were to actually beginning eating their children. This for any mother is an absolute abomination to her family and of course no one thought this was a good idea. For those who were able to understand and catch on to his satirical stand point they did. To want any more of the pamphlets to be printed as it so clearly was pointing the laughing finger in the face of such a serious matter and \"expressing contempt for the community under scrutiny,\" (Chowdhury).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nBarbara Bengels wrote a short piece on A modest proposal and focused on Swift\'s usage of clothes. She read into why he would have used the symbolism if clothes and identified it as it being something mothers are able to take pride in and how the \"physical revulsion\" comes from the comparison dressing a child in clothes and dressing a child with gravy. She thinks Swift is revealing the moral depravity of the times. She believes that Swift may be chastising the reader and their ability to pick up these comparisons he was making because he so cleverly covers up his true intentions. She claims he is hiding the meaning \"behind a mask of feigned sincerity\" (Bengels). I think this very deep reflection on the pamphlet can be credited to hindsight being 20/20.  She is able to see from a deep perspective exactly what he was implying and assign a greater meaning to it.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nI found Swifts proposal hilarious and terribly sad. To think this actually was to be looked at as even a momentary solution means that it was representative of a time of such dyer  circumstances. I understand the satire he was using and how it was reflective of the times, which magnifies the horrendous lack of humanity that was being used by the leadership of the times. I found it the language he uses to set the scene at the very beginning of the pamphlet meaningful because he wrenches at the heart of the reader. He identifies exactly who is being hurt by the bad economy. Women and children appear to be taking the brunt of the situation. They are the ones that need the most help and who would be able to \"benefit\" from his solution. It is really quite sad that Swift identifies that the women would not have to take care of the children after they are a year old as a positive side to his suggestion. I think it is admirable how he is able to add humor to such a horrible topic. He very smartly takes the very thing that other writers had disregarded as unimportant, which is humanity and our values and morals, and showed the reader just how poor those ideas were. It is a very well thought out and crafted piece of literature, that is able to show us the history of his writings as well as reveal to us the depravity they were facing all in a light hearted manner.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nA Modest Proposal can be compared to the visual satires of William Hogarth. Hogarth had a wholly different talent of bringing a parody of attention to the human experience. While Swift uses words to ironically paint the scene of the tragedy that was sweeping a nation, Hogarth is able to make prints and paintings with humor poking at reality. Hogarth actually illustrated \"Gulliver\'s Travels\" by Swift. Hogarth\'s pieces were reprinted and sold without his permission, this was before the first copy write laws. Contrastingly, Swift wanted his pamphlets to be reproduced and spread out as far and wide as possible, for he claims he did not have anything to gain. The engraving Gin Lane by Hogarth contrasts with Swifts proposal because they are just that, an engraving and a proposal. Gin Lane takes place in London, while A Modest Proposal is meant for Ireland. Both focus on the situations of the poor. Both works are dramatic views into the disparity of the times with an overlaying facts of the times and an underlaying parody of extremity. Both works view woman as the focus of the hard times, however, Gin Lane recognizes men, women and children while A Modest Proposal generally focuses as children with a rippling effect on economy as a whole. Gin Lane is drawing attention to \"gin addiction\" as a \"heroic attack on the social conditions of [the] time\". A Modest Proposal is an attack on the situation and previous proposed solutions. (Fiero)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nI think the most significant thing about this work that future generations should be aware of is how close to reality these events were. Even if they have very little idea of the 1700\'s, the descriptive words used to identify exactly what was going on is enough of a history lesson to give them a good grasp of what was happening then. Not only is it a good history type of lesson it is also fairly enjoyable to read. I think this credits the pamphlet above the others. While the other pamphleteers may have had \"good\" ideas of what solutions should be (I say that in quotes because they were truly horrible ideas they cloaked with fancy words and roundabout phrases similar to politicians so readers would have a difficult time deciphering the true implications), none can hold a match to the great Swift in his ability to identify the problem and make it humorous at that. If the future desires to know about the times and get a peek into the the 1700\'s while being entertained (which may I dare say, is a difficult thing to find), they ought to preserve and read A Modest Proposal.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nWorks Cited\r\n\r\nBaker, Lyman A. “Conditions in Early Eighteenth Century Ireland”.  Periodical. 1999.  Kansas State University. 7 Oct 2013\r\n\r\nThis was a personal article written. I used this to better understand the historical times.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nBengels, Barbara. \"Swift\'s A MODEST PROPOSAL.\" Explicator 65.1 (2006): 13-15. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Oct. 2013.\r\n\r\nThis was a periodical where she observed Swift’s use of clothing in his writings. that I used to see what people of current times think of the pamphlet.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nBriggs, Peter M. \"John Graunt, Sir William Petty, And Swift\'s Modest Proposal.\" Eighteenth-Century Life 29.2 (2005): 3-24. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Oct. 2013.\r\n\r\nThis was an excerpt from a book that compared the style and ideas of these three authors. I used this to better define Swift’s in comparison to other writers of the time. Also, I was able to see what made Swift’s writings satirical because I could see the true intentions of other writers.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nChowdhury, Ahsan. \"Splenetic Ogres And Heroic Cannibals In Jonathan Swift\'s A Modest Proposal (1729).\" English Studies In Canada 34.2/3 (2008): 131-157. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Oct. 2013.\r\n\r\nThis article described the comparison and usage of the idea of cannibalism within Swift’s writings. I used this to gain a better understanding of what people thought of the work then.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nFiero, Gloria K. “Humanistic Tradition Vol 2”. Ebook. McGraw Hill. 2011.\r\n\r\nThis is our book for class. I used this to compare Hogarth’s works with Swift’s writings.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nHozeski, Bruce W. \"A Mathematical Error In Jonathan Swift\'s \"A Modest Proposal.\" American Notes &amp; Queries 15.4 (1976): 53. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Oct. 2013.\r\n\r\nThis is an article that looks into the thought of Swift’s proposal being mathematically incorrect and the insinuations that come with that. I used this to see understand the text of Swift’s proposal better.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nSwift, Jonathan. “A Modest Proposal”. Renascence Edition. 2003. University of Oregon. 3Oct 2013.\r\n\r\nThis is the full actual work of Swift. I based my entire proposal for preserving off of this.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','A Modest Proposal','','publish','open','open','','3437','','','2013-10-14 15:22:52','2013-10-14 21:22:52','',0,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=3437',0,'post','',14),(3466,75,'2013-10-14 12:26:29','2013-10-14 18:26:29','<a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/greco.jpg\"><img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3449\" alt=\"greco\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/greco-300x265.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"265\" /></a> <!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;-->\r\n\r\n<!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;-->\r\n\r\n<!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;-->\r\n\r\n<!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;-->\r\n<p class=\"MsoHeader\" style=\"text-align: center\" align=\"center\"><a href=\"http://faculty.txwes.edu/csmeller/human-prospect/ProData09/03Biee/BieePICs/5dEurPICs/ElGreco1541/ElGr1595AgGar444.htm\">http://faculty.txwes.edu/csmeller/human-prospect/ProData09/03Biee/BieePICs/5dEurPICs/ElGreco1541/ElGr1595AgGar444.htm</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%\"><strong>Agony in the Garden</strong></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%\">El Greco’s</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%\">The Agony in the Garden was created early 1590’s. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\">The Painting “Agony in the garden” by El Greco’s is simply a painting that portrays the experiences Christ encounters in trying to negotiate between life and Death in the Garden of Gethsemane seeing the suffering and pains to be subjected to.<!--more--></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\">The historical context and what distinguishes El Greco’s Painting from other contemporaries, people like Titian and others, was that El Greco’s was able to introduced detains contained in all the four Gospel accounts while his contemporaries’ was just only on a single text of the Gospel account and also the . El Greco’ did his work composition both horizontally and vertically, this work above was specifically horizontal one which gives a vivid illustration of Christ Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\">The Painting work by El Greco’s were automatically different from others, because what were typical in its era was merely an artistic work that has a single Gospel account and that has a vertical form of composition style which was the dominant artistic work in its era but El Greco’s brought a whole new dimensions and style to painting when he introduces both as a horizontal and as a vertical composition to his work, and also the study of pictures and symbols in “Visual Arts” was prevalent in El Greco’s era too, and when comparing to other people’s work “none of the Gospels, for example, states that the angel bore a chalice i.e. the golden cup held by the angel symbolizes the Passion and refers to an allusion to Christ’s words; ‘O my Father, if this cup may not pass away from me, except I drink it, thy will be done’ (Matthew 26:42). Christ, kneeling in prayer in front of a great rock, faces the angel who gives him strength (Luke 22:41, 43). Beneath the angel, seemingly encased in the mist or cloud on which the heavenly messenger kneels, are the sleeping figures of the disciples Peter, James Major, and John (Matt.26:37;Mark 14:33). At the right, in the distance, Judas approaches, leading the guards of the chief priests who will take Christ captive (John 18:3). And the most astonishing risk taking by El Greco’s in his Painting, the most daring is the sense of discontinuous space created by the apparent enclosure of the sleeping disciples within the cloud underneath the angel: the viewer looks through a sort of whirlwind on which the angel is poised and sees Christ’s followers “a stone’s cast” away (Luke 22:41). The swirling oval of mist, which insulates the disciples from the supernatural event that is transpiring, is balanced at the upper right by a fog that is passing over the edge of the rock. The glaring divine light that emanates from above the angel creates unusually brilliant effects on the red robe of Christ; the robe’s sharply faceted planes range in hue from almost white, on his shoulder, to deepest crimson, in the shadows about his left leg” (Page 237, El Greco’s of Toledo, Page 152 of El Greco’s 2003).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\"><span> </span>El Greco’s work Agony in the Garden, was the most successful artistic work in his era with a clear picture, images visible for a self-explanation to the audience and whoever that cares for the work. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\">The work of El Greco’s stands out from its peers in the sense that (1). The work was done both as a horizontal and as a vertical composition. (2).The painting is probably the prototype, or at any rates the best Autograph version, of the horizontal type. (3). It draws from all four Gospel accounts. (4). That none of the Gospels, work down by the other artist, for example,<span>  </span>states that the angel bore a chalice but El Greco’s painting did that. (Page 237, El Greco’s of Toledo, Page 152 of El Greco’s 2003). </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\">El Greco’s work was the best in his era because in its painting pattern he was able to incorporate the four Gospel accounts both as a horizontal and as a vertical composition, and also in its painting still El Greco’s introduce an angel bearing a chalice which is uncommon to other of its contemporaries painting work which makes El Greco’s unique. (Page 237, El Greco’s of Toledo) <span> </span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\">That El Greco’s painting work is still one of the best and successful artist work which a lot of artist had improve upon due to clarity in the images, the illustration of the four Gospel account on a painting, the visual aspect makes it a stand out and most sort of painting, and most important of all is that it is self-explanation such as an “angel holding a golden cup which symbolizes the Passion and refers to an allusion to Christ’s words; ‘O my Father, if this cup may not pass away from me, except I drink it, thy will be done’ (Matthew 26:42)”. (Page 237, El Greco’s of Toledo) </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\">That a Painting work done in the early 1590’s still outstanding till today and had no rival, that the pictures, symbols, visual art is something remarkable, introduction of the four Gospel account in a painting both as an horizontal and as an vertical composition, showing Christ kneeling and praying, and showing an angel carrying a golden cup and others. And El Greco’s brought whole new dimensions to Painting work to past and the present.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\">Works by such painters as Carpaccio, Bassano, Titian and Tintoretto where each compares to each other’s work with El Greco’s painting was on (1) such as the rock behind Christ, (2) the enclosure of the Apostles in a circle.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\">The Painting in four Gospel Account, the painting in both as an Horizontal and as an Vertical composition, and the angel holding a golden cup which symbolizes the Passion, and refers to an allusion to Christ’s words, Christ kneeling down etc., and importantly the clarity, visual art, symbols, background of the artist and pictures. </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\"> </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\"><span>      </span>All Work Cited From:</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\">1. (El Greco’s of Toledo, Page 237).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\">2. (El Greco’s, Page 152 of 2003).</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\">3. </span><a href=\"http://faculty.txwes.edu/csmeller/human-prospect/ProData09/03Biee/BieePICs/5dEurPICs/ElGreco1541/ElGr1595AgGar444.htm\">http://faculty.txwes.edu/csmeller/human-prospect/ProData09/03Biee/BieePICs/5dEurPICs/ElGreco1541/ElGr1595AgGar444.htm</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\"> </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 200%\"> </span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%\"><span> </span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%\"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%\"><span> </span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 115%\"> </span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','El Greco\'s: Agony in The Garden','','inherit','open','open','','3407-revision-v1','','','2013-10-14 12:26:29','2013-10-14 18:26:29','',3407,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=3466',0,'revision','',0),(3458,80,'2013-10-14 12:04:18','2013-10-14 18:04:18','[youtube]<a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OZCyp-LcGw\">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OZCyp-LcGw</a>[/youtube]\r\n\r\nAs it has been called a “comedy with music” this is known for one of the finest Italian comic operas. The underlying and social implications of this story, is one of Mozart’s most inspired operas. This should be preserved, as Mozart used the emotional power of music to translate his understanding of humanity.\r\n\r\nItalian opera was superior in Europe, where fairy-tale themes serving to the glorified princes. Mozart did not like the operas as he felt they would hold back the drama. He wanted to make an opera with real situations and everyday modern problems. In 1786 Mozart decided to write music to The Marriage of Figaro. In this story line servants have the same right as their masters, and with Mozart’s music it helped with the story’s underlying sarcasm. It contains delightful music that expresses high-quality humor as well as a delicate proposition of the story’s intriguing and unfair and dishonest practices.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTo understand this piece here is a quick Synopsis of the opera. The Marriage of Figaro continues the plot of The Barber of Seville several years later, and recounts a single \"day of madness\" (<i>la folle giornata</i>) in the palace of Count Almaviva in Spain. Rosina is now the Countess; Dr. Bartolo is seeking revenge against Figaro, as he plans to marry Rosina himself; yet Count Almaviva has declined the romantic youth of <i>Barber</i>. After giving Figaro a job as head of his servant-staff, he is now determined to obtain favors from Figaro\'s bride-to-be, Susanna. However; Count keeps giving excuse after excuse to delay the wedding of his two servants, which is arranged for marriage this very day. Figaro, Susanna, and Countess plot for a way to humiliate Count and expose his plan.  But when Count is exposed, he rebels by trying to force Figaro to marry an older woman who could be his mother. This threat turns out not working since the woman he chose ended up being his mother. Count\'s love for Countess was re-established after Figaro\'s and Susanna\'s quick management.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe upper class was surprised that they were not flattered. They refused to attend any of Mozart’s concerts.  The Emperor felt it was too long and that was why they did not like it.  The other composer loved his work yet, said it was not very good because they were jealous. Watch this small clip from the movie Amadeus where it shows Mozart conducting the Marriage of Figaro, you see the Emperor yawning and other composers smiling and listen to what the other composer says.\r\n\r\n[youtube]<a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTfiboMetpY\">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTfiboMetpY</a>[/youtube]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nYou can see Mozart’s feelings in his music by listening to the music. Listen to the way the music moves really slow and you can feel the tension in his music as he is in the depressed state, at the same time the music switches to quick, upbeat, and fast paced while his mood switches to a happier and wittier Mozart. After time Mozart becomes broke and depressed; he becomes sick and has to borrow money from his friends. When the modern opera did not go as plan he continues borrowing money and eventually dies at the age of 35. But when asked today how people feel about this piece, it shows by all the different times this piece has been recreated as this opera is readily accepted in today’s world than before.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nCited work\r\n\r\n\"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.\" <i>Films On Demand</i>. Films Media Group, 1998. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. &lt;http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=17517&amp;xtid=29999&gt;.\r\n\r\n<a id=\"linkMozartWolfgangAmadeus\" title=\"Search for Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus\" href=\"__doLinkPostBack(\'\',\'ss%7E%7EAR%20%22Mozart%2C%20Wolfgang%20Amadeus%22%7C%7Csl%7E%7Erl\',\'\');\">Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus</a><a id=\"linkFisherBurtonD.\" title=\"Search for Fisher, Burton D.\" href=\"__doLinkPostBack(\'\',\'ss%7E%7EAR%20%22Fisher%2C%20Burton%20D%2E%22%7C%7Csl%7E%7Erl\',\'\');\">Fisher, Burton D.</a>In Marriage of Figaro.Coral Gables, Fla : Opera Journeys. 2001\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','The Marriage of Figaro ','','inherit','open','open','','3420-revision-v1','','','2013-10-14 12:04:18','2013-10-14 18:04:18','',3420,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=3458',0,'revision','',0),(3436,75,'2013-10-14 11:27:34','2013-10-14 17:27:34','&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/The-name-of-the-work-el-grecos-ggggg22.docx\">The name of the work el greco\'s ggggg22</a></p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>The name of the work.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nAgony in the Garden\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Creator of work (if know)</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nEl Greco’s\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Date or approximate date of work.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe Agony in the Garden was created early 1590’s.\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>A detailed description of the work</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe Painting “Agony in the garden” by El Greco’s is simply a painting that portrays the experiences Christ encounters in trying to negotiate between life and Death in the Garden of Gethsemane seeing the suffering and pains to be subjected to.\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>A general discussion of the historical context of its time</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe historical context and what distinguishes El Greco’s Painting from other contemporaries, people like Titian and others, was that El Greco’s was able to introduced detains contained in all the four Gospel accounts while his contemporaries’ was just only on a single text of the Gospel account and also the . El Greco’ did his work composition both horizontally and vertically, this work above was specifically horizontal one which gives a vivid illustration of Christ Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane.\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>How is this work typical of its era?</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe Painting work by El Greco’s were automatically different from others, because what were typical in its era was merely an artistic work that has a single Gospel account and that has a vertical form of composition style which was the dominant artistic work in its era but El Greco’s brought a whole new dimensions and style to painting when he introduces both as a horizontal and as a vertical composition to his work, and also the study of pictures and symbols in “Visual Arts” was prevalent in El Greco’s era too, and when comparing to other people’s work “none of the Gospels, for example, states that the angel bore a chalice i.e. the golden cup held by the angel symbolizes the Passion and refers to an allusion to Christ’s words; ‘O my Father, if this cup may not pass away from me, except I drink it, thy will be done’ (Matthew 26:42). Christ, kneeling in prayer in front of a great rock, faces the angel who gives him strength (Luke 22:41, 43). Beneath the angel, seemingly encased in the mist or cloud on which the heavenly messenger kneels, are the sleeping figures of the disciples Peter, James Major, and John (Matt.26:37;Mark 14:33). At the right, in the distance, Judas approaches, leading the guards of the chief priests who will take Christ captive (John 18:3). And the most astonishing risk taking by El Greco’s in his Painting, the most daring is the sense of discontinuous space created by the apparent enclosure of the sleeping disciples within the cloud underneath the angel: the viewer looks through a sort of whirlwind on which the angel is poised and sees Christ’s followers “a stone’s cast” away (Luke 22:41). The swirling oval of mist, which insulates the disciples from the supernatural event that is transpiring, is balanced at the upper right by a fog that is passing over the edge of the rock. The glaring divine light that emanates from above the angel creates unusually brilliant effects on the red robe of Christ; the robe’s sharply faceted planes range in hue from almost white, on his shoulder, to deepest crimson, in the shadows about his left leg” (Page 237, El Greco’s of Toledo, Page 152 of El Greco’s 2003).\r\n\r\nEl Greco’s work Agony in the Garden, was the most successful artistic work in his era with a clear picture, images visible for a self-explanation to the audience and whoever that cares for the work.\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>How is the work innovative or unusual for its time?</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe work of El Greco’s stands out from its peers in the sense that (1). The work was done both as a horizontal and as a vertical composition. (2).The painting is probably the prototype, or at any rates the best Autograph version, of the horizontal type. (3). It draws from all four Gospel accounts. (4). That none of the Gospels, work down by the other artist, for example,  states that the angel bore a chalice but El Greco’s painting did that. (Page 237, El Greco’s of Toledo, Page 152 of El Greco’s 2003).\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>How was the work received in its time, and why? (Give evidence.).</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nEl Greco’s work was the best in his era because in its painting pattern he was able to incorporate the four Gospel accounts both as a horizontal and as a vertical composition, and also in its painting still El Greco’s introduce an angel bearing a chalice which is uncommon to other of its contemporaries painting work which makes El Greco’s unique. (Page 237, El Greco’s of Toledo)\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>What do people today think about the work?</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThat El Greco’s painting work is still one of the best and successful artist work which a lot of artist had improve upon due to clarity in the images, the illustration of the four Gospel account on a painting, the visual aspect makes it a stand out and most sort of painting, and most important of all is that it is self-explanation such as an “angel holding a golden cup which symbolizes the Passion and refers to an allusion to Christ’s words; ‘O my Father, if this cup may not pass away from me, except I drink it, thy will be done’ (Matthew 26:42)”. (Page 237, El Greco’s of Toledo)\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>What is your personal reaction to the work?</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThat a Painting work done in the early 1590’s still outstanding till today and had no rival, that the pictures, symbols, visual art is something remarkable, introduction of the four Gospel account in a painting both as an horizontal and as an vertical composition, showing Christ kneeling and praying, and showing an angel carrying a golden cup and others. And El Greco’s brought whole new dimensions to Painting work to past and the present.\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>How does this work compare specifically to one other work of its type and/or time?</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nWorks by such painters as Carpaccio, Bassano, Titian and Tintoretto where each compares to each other’s work with El Greco’s painting was on (1) such as the rock behind Christ, (2) the enclosure of the Apostles in a circle.\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>What about this work is most significant for future generations to be aware of?</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe Painting in four Gospel Account, the painting in both as an Horizontal and as an Vertical composition, and the angel holding a golden cup which symbolizes the Passion, and refers to an allusion to Christ’s words, Christ kneeling down etc., and importantly the clarity, visual art, symbols, background of the artist and pictures.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAll Work Cited:\r\n\r\n1. (El Greco’s of Toledo, Page 237).\r\n\r\n2. (El Greco’s, Page 152 of 2003).\r\n\r\n3. <a href=\"http://faculty.txwes.edu/csmeller/human-prospect/ProData09/03Biee/BieePICs/5dEurPICs/ElGreco1541/ElGr1595AgGar444.htm\">http://faculty.txwes.edu/csmeller/human-prospect/ProData09/03Biee/BieePICs/5dEurPICs/ElGreco1541/ElGr1595AgGar444.htm</a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','El Greco\'s: Agony in The Garden','','inherit','open','open','','3407-revision-v1','','','2013-10-14 11:27:34','2013-10-14 17:27:34','',3407,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=3436',0,'revision','',0),(3432,84,'2013-10-14 11:17:05','2013-10-14 17:17:05','During the Protestant Reformation, the music of the Baroque era underwent a major change. In the theatre, the opera brought the idea of bringing music and drama together by telling stories with song. However, in mid-eighteenth century England, composer George Fredric Handel from Germany wrote the first oratorio. That oratorio was the Messiah, which was the first piece of music to be written as a sacred and religious text. This type of music was not told as a performance with dramatic scenery, but with a choir, orchestra, and a narrator. The Messiah is based on the first modern English Bible, The King James Bible, which was first published in 1611. Handel’s Messiah is written in three parts to announce the birth, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The Messiah contains verses of the Old and New Testaments. Like the Baroque music of its time, this piece of music compares to the usual Baroque musical pieces in terms of its style of tempo. The Messiah by George Fredric Handel is best known for its Hallelujah chorus, which still makes audiences stand to this day.  It is also known for bringing the Holy Scripture to life in a jubilant and lively style. \r\nHandel’s Messiah can be considered an innovation to its era because this piece can be considered the first oratorio ever written of its time. It stands out from the musical masterpieces from its era because it is the first one to contain religious content from the Holy Scripture. As the first oratorio written of its time, it contained a choir and an orchestra. As a synopsis of the life of Christ, this musical masterpiece was a contrast to the dramatic imagery of opera. Unlike the tragedy and sadness of opera, this religious text was very jubilant. It was the first of its kind to create a biblical allusion to the King James Bible as well. The King James Bible gave way to all three parts of the oratorio because it contains the Old Testament requirements a Savior, the death of Jesus Christ in the second, and the redemption of Christ in the third. Thanks to Handel and the Protestant Reformation, the Baroque Era brought an influential type of music that changed the world of performing arts that influenced many artists in the centuries to come.\r\nThe first time Handel played the Messiah was during the winter of 1741 and on into 1742. He was invited by the Duke of Devonshire in Dublin to perform. While Handel did not play the Messiah during this season, the popularity of his music was at large that he was invited back to play a performance that following spring. This concert included the Messiah. This concert was extraordinary that the newspaper in Dublin gave it a rating of it being the most remarkable piece in Dublin or anywhere in the world. Once again, during that summer, Handel gave another performance of the Messiah for his private benefits. When Handel performed in 1743 in London’s Convent Garden theatre, the people of London did not care for Handel’s Messiah as much. According to the English press, the voices of the female sopranos were raised in ranking. Handel decided to refer to the Messiah as the “New Sacred Oratorio”, and he also divided his performance season in half to three concerts. That next year, in 1744, Handel held no performances in London. He would play in London on and off through the years. Until he died in 1759, Handel played concerts throughout the years in London beginning in 1750.\r\nHandel’s Messiah still has that thrill that it had in its early days, where everybody stands and praises the Lord during the “Hallelujah Chorus.” This tradition traces back to 1743 where King George II rose from his seat during a performance in London. Played at both Easter and Christmas, these holidays have their own references to the song in which each part applies to a specific event in the life of Christ. All together, the whole oratorio explains how Christ has come back to Earth to redeem us. This message is most clear in the “Hallelujah Chorus”, which implies a joyous celebration that we have been redeemed from our sins. For the most part, people look towards enlightenment as they stand to sing this song. In fact, the majority of this song is sung standing to praise that Christ has done so much to save us from sin and evil.\r\nIn my opinion, this piece is beautiful and harmonious to my ears. Even though I do not know all the words to this song, I still like singing along to the “Hallelujah Chorus.” Being a song that is enlightening and proclaiming that a Savior is here to redeem us, I agree with the majority of people who think that this is an enlightening and encouraging piece. The Messiah is a piece of music for all ages because I feel like people from children to seniors can feel spiritual happiness by listening to this piece of music. This piece, I believe, should be a classic to sing and play for congregations over the ages because its powerful words and verses of spiritual enlightenment. This and many of Handel’s oratorios should be treasured over many centuries to remind people that there is hope and encouragement from Jesus Christ the Savior. \r\nAnother piece of classic religious music is the American Civil War hymn, The Battle Hymn of the Republic. This song, as written by Julia Ward Howe, also has become an American patriotic song. Written at a hotel in Washington D.C., Howe heard a regimen sing John Brown’s Body earlier in that day in 1861. That exact same night, she instantly jumped out of bed and wrote down some ideas to her song. Inspired and disturbed by the slaying of abolitionist John Brown that day, she recalled an Old Testament verse of Isaiah claiming “I have trodden the wine press alone … and trampled them in my wrath … For the day of vengeance was in my heart, / and my year of redemption has come.\" [Isaiah 63:1–6] (Julia Ward Howe). From this verse, Howe had written a whole song about redemption inspired from an abolitionist who had redeemed his life by going with Christ. Today, The Battle Hymn of the Republic has been sung at many military funerals for soldiers.\r\nLike Handel’s Messiah, The Battle Hymn of the Republic is a song that one can find people singing at religious rituals in the United States. In Howe’s song, she notes that vengeance and redemption are really important. Like this song, the Messiah talks about Christ’s redemption and how He has died for our sins. Also, both songs place a strong emphasis on the Bible and Christianity being references for higher powers redeeming us for our sins. In both songs, one can be assured that Christians can be saved from sin and evil. \r\nGeorge Fredric Handel’s Messiah should be restored because it’s the first ever recorded song to tell about the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. I highly recommend this musical masterpiece to be sung and cherished traditionally on Easter and Christmas annually, I hope that future generations of young children learn the Messiah at a very young age because I believe every young person should know how Christ died for our sins. More importantly, I hope everybody gets a chance to learn that we are all redeemers of Christ. I encourage Christianity to be a continuous value for everyone who believes that Christ is their Savior. The Messiah, especially the “Hallelujah Chorus”, should be a trademark of all Christian denominations because I believe the thing that they all have in common is that Christ is the eternal Savior. The Messiah by George Fredric Handel, as well as other oratorios, should go in the time machine because celebrating the life of Jesus Christ is a joyous celebration and upbringing that I believe everybody should get the chance to experience. \r\n\r\n','George Fredric Handel\'s Messiah','','inherit','open','open','','3424-revision-v1','','','2013-10-14 11:17:05','2013-10-14 17:17:05','',3424,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=3432',0,'revision','',0),(1861,44,'2011-10-10 21:34:44','2011-10-11 03:34:44','','313838117_ff0570e373_z','http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%3Fei%3DUTF-8%26p%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers&amp;w=160&amp;h=123&amp;imgurl=www.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers%23focal%3De44a58148452980375d7e179f82b6157%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.friendsofart.net%252fstatic%252fimages%252fart1%252fgian-lorenzo-bernini-fountain-of-the-four-rivers.jpg&amp;size=&amp;name=search&amp;rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers%23focal%3De44a58148452980375d7e179f82b6157%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.friendsofart.net%252fstatic%252fimages%252fart1%252fgian-lorenzo-bernini-fountain-of-the-four-rivers.jpg&amp;rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers%23focal%3De44a58148452980375d7e179f82b6157%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.friendsofart.net%252fstatic%252fimages%252fart1%252fgian-lorenzo-bernini-fountain-of-the-four-rivers.jpg&amp;p=bernini+fountain+of+four+rivers&amp;type=&amp;no=1&amp;tt=115&amp;oid=http%3A%2F%2Fts1.mm.bing.net%2Fimages%2Fthumbnail.aspx%3Fq%3D1281865222680%26id%3Dee8ccb8f7285932c69e76516479c4166&amp;tit=Fountain+of+the+Four+Rivers+by+Gian+Lorenzo+Bernini+on+friends-of-art+...&amp;sigr=1718tdpa1&amp;sigi=16q5k6avq&amp;sigb=129eg64bn&amp;fr=yfp-t-701-s','inherit','open','open','','313838117_ff0570e373_z-2','','','2011-10-10 21:34:44','2011-10-11 03:34:44','',0,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/313838117_ff0570e373_z1.jpg',0,'attachment','image/jpeg',0),(1863,44,'2011-10-10 21:40:02','2011-10-11 03:40:02','[caption id=\"attachment_1864\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"439\" caption=\"http://www.friendsofart.net/en/art/gian-lorenzo-bernini/fountain-of-the-four-rivers\"]<a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/313838117_ff0570e373_z2.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-1864\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/313838117_ff0570e373_z2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"439\" height=\"585\" /></a>[/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The Fountain of Four Rivers</span></p>\r\n            In Rome, Italy there are a lot of historical artifacts but one of them that stands out the most, and his one of the most creative sculptures to see would have to be “The Fountain of Four Rivers” It is located in the square of Piazza Novana. In my opinion it is something that is worth going to see if you are in that part of the world, and now knowing a little of the history behind it; it just makes it seem even more thrilling when looking at it. Needless to say I do think that this wonderful piece of art (The Fountain of Four Rivers) should be preserved solely on beauty of the work, the way the “River Gods” are worked into the sculpture.<!--more-->\r\n\r\nThe artist that is known for doing this sculpture is Gian Lorenzo Bernini; he started this sculpture in 1648 and didn’t have it finished until 1651. Bernini did many different works before this one but this would have to be one of his best works. Pope Innocent X project, he selected Bernini to do this fountain for him. The fountain was placed in the location it is at because the square of “Piazza Novana use to be an old circus town and that use to be a big stadium” (Martha Bakerjian). So the Pope replaced the old stadium by building three water fountains.\r\n\r\nThe Fountain of Four Rivers is a very detailed one. There is a reason why they call it “The Fountain of Four Rivers” it was supposed to represent four rivers in the four major continents that had been discovered at that time, and over top of each of the rivers there is a “River God” and that river god is suppose to represent the continent. It has the Nile River and the River God for the river has a towel covering his head due to “The source of the river was unknown (at least by Europeans)” (Mary Ann Sullivan). The Ganges of Poussin River representing the Asians. The River God is “large and relaxed holding an oar to represent the navigability of the river” (nstormberg). The Rio della Plata which to suppose to represent the Americas, the river god that is supposed to represent the Americans is black and reaching towards the gold in the water. The last river on the fountain is the Danube of Raggi which is to represent the Europeans. The River God is “reaching back and touches the paper crest, because it is the closest of the rivers to Rome” (nstormberg).  Each of the River Gods have animals that are either underneath them or by them in some way that are there to represent the creatures in those areas.\r\n\r\nThe work of Bernini is typical of this time frame, for a couple of reasons. For instance there are other fountains that were done at the time or a little later. There is actually one that is done right next to Bernini’s. It is the “Fontana del Moro” it was done by Giacomo della Porto and was built in 1575. It was also ordered to be constructed by Pope Innocent X.\r\n\r\nBoth fountains are done very nicely and both were put there for their own special reasons. They were both as you already know handpicked to be put there by the Pope himself. Another thing that is also funny in comparison to them both is that the people in the cities that they both were built in (cause the Fontana del Moro was moved to Piazza Novana) had at first a negative feeling towards it then both were happy that it was built afterwards. They both have a lot of detail behind them and with the great amounts of detail those parts are added for a direct reason. They both have different animals for representation of different meanings.\r\n\r\nThe work is unusual for the time due to this was the first time a fountain was being built to represent the four main continents by the major rivers that flow through them. Putting “River Gods” on them was something that was not ordinary of this time due to majority of the people were Christian in some manner or practicing something of religious values and the era was passed the time of having a God for every little things possible. The body positions are unique too “Traditionally, river gods were depicted in a lounging-position; they were hardly ever seen doing anything. In Bernini’s fountain, however, their twists, turns, and muscular contractions simulate the motions of the rivers they personify.”(Piazza Novana and Bernini’s Four Rivers Fountain).  Something that I found a little unique in general, was that it was common that if you were to ask to do a piece of art in some manner by the Pope then you were to incorporate something religious into your works. Bernini I think went a little outside the box he threw something religious into Bernini put the Popes shield into part of the fountain.\r\n\r\nAt this start of the fountain the people living in the area did not like the idea of it being built. There was no money to pay for it so the people of the city had a tax put on their bread. The protesters wrote on paper and stuck them to the wall stating “We do not want obelisks or fountains, bread is what we want.” (nstormberg) The dislike of the fountain only went on for a few years with a lot of protesters and after it was revealed in 1651 majority of the protesters was amazed by the fountain (nstormberg).\r\n\r\nThe people today have a different affection towards the fountain from when it was being built. Over the years the fountain had been slowly falling apart and city of Rome has restored the fountain; back in 2008. “It was a two year ordeal but everything was clean and polished to make it look like it was bran new since not only to the people like looking at the fountain the pigeons also tend to like to rest on it”( Phoebe Natanson). I do believe partially the small difference with some of the people who may not have liked the fountain right after it was built compared to the ones who adore it now would probably have to be the ones now didn’t have to pay for the structure to be built by being heavily taxed in their bread. The people of the area must have some affection towards it if they own a store of some sort due to it must me a great revenue due to the amount of tourism that walks through on a daily bases.\r\n\r\nThe reactions between the time of when it was being built and have to pay for it to the time frame after it when people have traveled from all over the world to look see it. If I had to compare it to something from this era then I would have to say the way the Americans felt about the Statue of Liberty that sits in New York. At first none of the Americans wanted to take the gift or pay for the gift from the French, but now it is a large touristic attraction for this country and the state of New York, not only that but if you were to come into this country on a ship and try to get citizenship (well use to be like this) you would have to go right by the Statue. It’s sort of like now she is the gate that says hello and goodbye to you as you come and go from her land at least that is my input on it.\r\n\r\nTo compare this piece of work to something of its time well I have looked and I haven’t found anything that could fit the qualifications to be able to have the privileged to be compared to the Fountain of Four Rivers, but since I must chose one I went with “The Fountain of Neptune” it was done by Giacomo della Porta in 1576. It is another marvelous piece as well and sits near Bernini’s Fountain of Four Rivers and the Sant’Anges in Agone Church. It is a very well done fountain that doesn’t get as much attention I believe as the Fountain of Four Rivers does cause well it is kind of tucked into a corner and no in the center of the area like the Four Rivers Fountain is.\r\n\r\nI believe that this work it magnificent, I love the creativity in it. Bernini did a sweet job by constructing the “River Gods” and making them each in a unique way to be able to represent the river and the country it runs in. I also like the fact that he put animals in the sculpture to help you get a better understanding on which continent he is trying to represent. One of the history things I love is that the Pope wanted it built so he could have something that showed the four major continents and that they are connected. When looking at how it was paid for to be built I kind of see it as how it is now. We (the people) have to pay in taxes to have things be built like when the city or government wants to build something new they choose to tax the people of the area or country in order to find the funds to be able to pay for it.\r\n\r\nI think that the Fountain of the Four Rivers should be preserved for a multiple reasons. That this fountain represents that no matter how far apart we may live that we are all the same and are connected somehow in this world. The history of this fountain on where it is located and the way it was paid for. How it was not really popular at the construction part of it but after it was loved by just about everyone then and everyone now. Another reason it should be preserved is that the fountain is so structurally sound and that through the reconstruction and cleaning back in 2006-2008 that nothing was really wrong or needed any fixing with the fountain except that the outer layer of it was damaged a little due to the fact of pigeon landing and pooping on it.\r\n\r\nI also think another good example that would help give my reasoning why I think it should be preserved is that there is no video or picture that is only that you can find of it being empty of people around looking at the fountain. The only time you can go and be able to get close to the fountain is early in the morning or during the middle of the night.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Bibliography</span></strong></p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Art History Website Association, by Mary Ann Sullivan, 26 September 2011,</li>\r\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/4rivers/4rivers.html\">http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/4rivers/4rivers.html</a></li>\r\n	<li>Art History Archives, Piazza Navona and Bernini’s Four Rivers Fountain, by Nina Miller, posted September 29, 2005 <a href=\"http://honorsaharchive.blogspot.com/2005/09/ppiazza-navona-and-berninis-four-rivers.html\">http://honorsaharchive.blogspot.com/2005/09/ppiazza-navona-and-berninis-four-rivers.html</a></li>\r\n	<li> ABC News, Bernini\'s Famous Fountain Gets a Face-Lift, by Phoebe Natanson, posted December 10, 2008 <a href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=6431402&amp;page=1\">http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=6431402&amp;page=1</a></li>\r\n	<li>Web Gallery of Art, October 10, 2011, <a href=\"http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/b/bernini/gianlore/biograph.html\">http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/b/bernini/gianlore/biograph.html</a></li>\r\n	<li>Walking Tour of Piazza Novana in Rome, by Martha Bakerjian, About.com Guide, 10<sup>th</sup> October 2011; <a href=\"http://goitaly.about.com/od/romeitaly/ss/piazzanavona.htm\">http://goitaly.about.com/od/romeitaly/ss/piazzanavona.htm</a></li>\r\n	<li>Bernini-“Fountain dei Quattro Fuimi” or “Fountain of 4 Rivers”; by nstromberg; 24, February 2011 <a href=\"http://maitaly.wordpress.com/2011/02/24/bernini-fontana-dei-quattro-fiumi-or-fountain-of-4-rivers/\">http://maitaly.wordpress.com/2011/02/24/bernini-fontana-dei-quattro-fiumi-or-fountain-of-4-rivers/</a></li>\r\n</ol>','Fountain of Four Rivers','','publish','open','open','','fountain-of-four-rivers-3','','','2011-10-11 08:13:40','2011-10-11 14:13:40','',0,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1863',0,'post','',18),(1864,44,'2011-10-10 21:36:02','2011-10-11 03:36:02','','313838117_ff0570e373_z','http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%3Fei%3DUTF-8%26p%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers&amp;w=160&amp;h=123&amp;imgurl=www.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers%23focal%3De44a58148452980375d7e179f82b6157%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.friendsofart.net%252fstatic%252fimages%252fart1%252fgian-lorenzo-bernini-fountain-of-the-four-rivers.jpg&amp;size=&amp;name=search&amp;rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers%23focal%3De44a58148452980375d7e179f82b6157%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.friendsofart.net%252fstatic%252fimages%252fart1%252fgian-lorenzo-bernini-fountain-of-the-four-rivers.jpg&amp;rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers%23focal%3De44a58148452980375d7e179f82b6157%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.friendsofart.net%252fstatic%252fimages%252fart1%252fgian-lorenzo-bernini-fountain-of-the-four-rivers.jpg&amp;p=bernini+fountain+of+four+rivers&amp;type=&amp;no=1&amp;tt=115&amp;oid=http%3A%2F%2Fts1.mm.bing.net%2Fimages%2Fthumbnail.aspx%3Fq%3D1281865222680%26id%3Dee8ccb8f7285932c69e76516479c4166&amp;tit=Fountain+of+the+Four+Rivers+by+Gian+Lorenzo+Bernini+on+friends-of-art+...&amp;sigr=1718tdpa1&amp;sigi=16q5k6avq&amp;sigb=129eg64bn&amp;fr=yfp-t-701-s','inherit','open','open','','313838117_ff0570e373_z-3','','','2011-10-10 21:36:02','2011-10-11 03:36:02','',1863,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/313838117_ff0570e373_z2.jpg',0,'attachment','image/jpeg',0),(1871,1,'2011-10-11 08:13:24','2011-10-11 14:13:24','[caption id=\"attachment_1864\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"480\" caption=\"http://www.friendsofart.net/en/art/gian-lorenzo-bernini/fountain-of-the-four-rivers\"]<a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/313838117_ff0570e373_z2.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-1864\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/313838117_ff0570e373_z2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\" /></a>[/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The Fountain of Four Rivers</span></p>\r\n            In Rome, Italy there are a lot of historical artifacts but one of them that stands out the most, and his one of the most creative sculptures to see would have to be “The Fountain of Four Rivers” It is located in the square of Piazza Novana. In my opinion it is something that is worth going to see if you are in that part of the world, and now knowing a little of the history behind it; it just makes it seem even more thrilling when looking at it. Needless to say I do think that this wonderful piece of art (The Fountain of Four Rivers) should be preserved solely on beauty of the work, the way the “River Gods” are worked into the sculpture.<!--more-->\r\n\r\nThe artist that is known for doing this sculpture is Gian Lorenzo Bernini; he started this sculpture in 1648 and didn’t have it finished until 1651. Bernini did many different works before this one but this would have to be one of his best works. Pope Innocent X project, he selected Bernini to do this fountain for him. The fountain was placed in the location it is at because the square of “Piazza Novana use to be an old circus town and that use to be a big stadium” (Martha Bakerjian). So the Pope replaced the old stadium by building three water fountains.\r\n\r\nThe Fountain of Four Rivers is a very detailed one. There is a reason why they call it “The Fountain of Four Rivers” it was supposed to represent four rivers in the four major continents that had been discovered at that time, and over top of each of the rivers there is a “River God” and that river god is suppose to represent the continent. It has the Nile River and the River God for the river has a towel covering his head due to “The source of the river was unknown (at least by Europeans)” (Mary Ann Sullivan). The Ganges of Poussin River representing the Asians. The River God is “large and relaxed holding an oar to represent the navigability of the river” (nstormberg). The Rio della Plata which to suppose to represent the Americas, the river god that is supposed to represent the Americans is black and reaching towards the gold in the water. The last river on the fountain is the Danube of Raggi which is to represent the Europeans. The River God is “reaching back and touches the paper crest, because it is the closest of the rivers to Rome” (nstormberg).  Each of the River Gods have animals that are either underneath them or by them in some way that are there to represent the creatures in those areas.\r\n\r\nThe work of Bernini is typical of this time frame, for a couple of reasons. For instance there are other fountains that were done at the time or a little later. There is actually one that is done right next to Bernini’s. It is the “Fontana del Moro” it was done by Giacomo della Porto and was built in 1575. It was also ordered to be constructed by Pope Innocent X.\r\n\r\nBoth fountains are done very nicely and both were put there for their own special reasons. They were both as you already know handpicked to be put there by the Pope himself. Another thing that is also funny in comparison to them both is that the people in the cities that they both were built in (cause the Fontana del Moro was moved to Piazza Novana) had at first a negative feeling towards it then both were happy that it was built afterwards. They both have a lot of detail behind them and with the great amounts of detail those parts are added for a direct reason. They both have different animals for representation of different meanings.\r\n\r\nThe work is unusual for the time due to this was the first time a fountain was being built to represent the four main continents by the major rivers that flow through them. Putting “River Gods” on them was something that was not ordinary of this time due to majority of the people were Christian in some manner or practicing something of religious values and the era was passed the time of having a God for every little things possible. The body positions are unique too “Traditionally, river gods were depicted in a lounging-position; they were hardly ever seen doing anything. In Bernini’s fountain, however, their twists, turns, and muscular contractions simulate the motions of the rivers they personify.”(Piazza Novana and Bernini’s Four Rivers Fountain).  Something that I found a little unique in general, was that it was common that if you were to ask to do a piece of art in some manner by the Pope then you were to incorporate something religious into your works. Bernini I think went a little outside the box he threw something religious into Bernini put the Popes shield into part of the fountain.\r\n\r\nAt this start of the fountain the people living in the area did not like the idea of it being built. There was no money to pay for it so the people of the city had a tax put on their bread. The protesters wrote on paper and stuck them to the wall stating “We do not want obelisks or fountains, bread is what we want.” (nstormberg) The dislike of the fountain only went on for a few years with a lot of protesters and after it was revealed in 1651 majority of the protesters was amazed by the fountain (nstormberg).\r\n\r\nThe people today have a different affection towards the fountain from when it was being built. Over the years the fountain had been slowly falling apart and city of Rome has restored the fountain; back in 2008. “It was a two year ordeal but everything was clean and polished to make it look like it was bran new since not only to the people like looking at the fountain the pigeons also tend to like to rest on it”( Phoebe Natanson). I do believe partially the small difference with some of the people who may not have liked the fountain right after it was built compared to the ones who adore it now would probably have to be the ones now didn’t have to pay for the structure to be built by being heavily taxed in their bread. The people of the area must have some affection towards it if they own a store of some sort due to it must me a great revenue due to the amount of tourism that walks through on a daily bases.\r\n\r\nThe reactions between the time of when it was being built and have to pay for it to the time frame after it when people have traveled from all over the world to look see it. If I had to compare it to something from this era then I would have to say the way the Americans felt about the Statue of Liberty that sits in New York. At first none of the Americans wanted to take the gift or pay for the gift from the French, but now it is a large touristic attraction for this country and the state of New York, not only that but if you were to come into this country on a ship and try to get citizenship (well use to be like this) you would have to go right by the Statue. It’s sort of like now she is the gate that says hello and goodbye to you as you come and go from her land at least that is my input on it.\r\n\r\nTo compare this piece of work to something of its time well I have looked and I haven’t found anything that could fit the qualifications to be able to have the privileged to be compared to the Fountain of Four Rivers, but since I must chose one I went with “The Fountain of Neptune” it was done by Giacomo della Porta in 1576. It is another marvelous piece as well and sits near Bernini’s Fountain of Four Rivers and the Sant’Anges in Agone Church. It is a very well done fountain that doesn’t get as much attention I believe as the Fountain of Four Rivers does cause well it is kind of tucked into a corner and no in the center of the area like the Four Rivers Fountain is.\r\n\r\nI believe that this work it magnificent, I love the creativity in it. Bernini did a sweet job by constructing the “River Gods” and making them each in a unique way to be able to represent the river and the country it runs in. I also like the fact that he put animals in the sculpture to help you get a better understanding on which continent he is trying to represent. One of the history things I love is that the Pope wanted it built so he could have something that showed the four major continents and that they are connected. When looking at how it was paid for to be built I kind of see it as how it is now. We (the people) have to pay in taxes to have things be built like when the city or government wants to build something new they choose to tax the people of the area or country in order to find the funds to be able to pay for it.\r\n\r\nI think that the Fountain of the Four Rivers should be preserved for a multiple reasons. That this fountain represents that no matter how far apart we may live that we are all the same and are connected somehow in this world. The history of this fountain on where it is located and the way it was paid for. How it was not really popular at the construction part of it but after it was loved by just about everyone then and everyone now. Another reason it should be preserved is that the fountain is so structurally sound and that through the reconstruction and cleaning back in 2006-2008 that nothing was really wrong or needed any fixing with the fountain except that the outer layer of it was damaged a little due to the fact of pigeon landing and pooping on it.\r\n\r\nI also think another good example that would help give my reasoning why I think it should be preserved is that there is no video or picture that is only that you can find of it being empty of people around looking at the fountain. The only time you can go and be able to get close to the fountain is early in the morning or during the middle of the night.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Bibliography</span></strong></p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Art History Website Association, by Mary Ann Sullivan, 26 September 2011,</li>\r\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/4rivers/4rivers.html\">http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/4rivers/4rivers.html</a></li>\r\n	<li>Art History Archives, Piazza Navona and Bernini’s Four Rivers Fountain, by Nina Miller, posted September 29, 2005 <a href=\"http://honorsaharchive.blogspot.com/2005/09/ppiazza-navona-and-berninis-four-rivers.html\">http://honorsaharchive.blogspot.com/2005/09/ppiazza-navona-and-berninis-four-rivers.html</a></li>\r\n	<li> ABC News, Bernini\'s Famous Fountain Gets a Face-Lift, by Phoebe Natanson, posted December 10, 2008 <a href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=6431402&amp;page=1\">http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=6431402&amp;page=1</a></li>\r\n	<li>Web Gallery of Art, October 10, 2011, <a href=\"http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/b/bernini/gianlore/biograph.html\">http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/b/bernini/gianlore/biograph.html</a></li>\r\n	<li>Walking Tour of Piazza Novana in Rome, by Martha Bakerjian, About.com Guide, 10<sup>th</sup> October 2011; <a href=\"http://goitaly.about.com/od/romeitaly/ss/piazzanavona.htm\">http://goitaly.about.com/od/romeitaly/ss/piazzanavona.htm</a></li>\r\n	<li>Bernini-“Fountain dei Quattro Fuimi” or “Fountain of 4 Rivers”; by nstromberg; 24, February 2011 <a href=\"http://maitaly.wordpress.com/2011/02/24/bernini-fontana-dei-quattro-fiumi-or-fountain-of-4-rivers/\">http://maitaly.wordpress.com/2011/02/24/bernini-fontana-dei-quattro-fiumi-or-fountain-of-4-rivers/</a></li>\r\n</ol>','Fountain of Four Rivers','','inherit','open','open','','1863-revision-3','','','2011-10-11 08:13:24','2011-10-11 14:13:24','',1863,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1871',0,'revision','',0),(1865,44,'2011-10-10 21:39:36','2011-10-11 03:39:36','[caption id=\"attachment_1864\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"480\" caption=\"http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%3Fei%3DUTF-8%26p%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers&amp;w=160&amp;h=123&amp;imgurl=www.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers%23focal%3De44a58148452980375d7e179f82b6157%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.friendsofart.net%252fstatic%252fimages%252fart1%252fgian-lorenzo-bernini-fountain-of-the-four-rivers.jpg&amp;size=&amp;name=search&amp;rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers%23focal%3De44a58148452980375d7e179f82b6157%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.friendsofart.net%252fstatic%252fimages%252fart1%252fgian-lorenzo-bernini-fountain-of-the-four-rivers.jpg&amp;rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers%23focal%3De44a58148452980375d7e179f82b6157%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.friendsofart.net%252fstatic%252fimages%252fart1%252fgian-lorenzo-bernini-fountain-of-the-four-rivers.jpg&amp;p=bernini+fountain+of+four+rivers&amp;type=&amp;no=1&amp;tt=115&amp;oid=http%3A%2F%2Fts1.mm.bing.net%2Fimages%2Fthumbnail.aspx%3Fq%3D1281865222680%26id%3Dee8ccb8f7285932c69e76516479c4166&amp;tit=Fountain+of+the+Four+Rivers+by+Gian+Lorenzo+Bernini+on+friends-of-art+...&amp;sigr=1718tdpa1&amp;sigi=16q5k6avq&amp;sigb=129eg64bn&amp;fr=yfp-t-701-s\"]<a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/313838117_ff0570e373_z2.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-1864\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/313838117_ff0570e373_z2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\" /></a>[/caption]\n\n&nbsp;\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">The Fountain of Four Rivers</span></p>\n            In Rome, Italy there are a lot of historical artifacts but one of them that stands out the most, and his one of the most creative sculptures to see would have to be “The Fountain of Four Rivers” It is located in the square of Piazza Novana. In my opinion it is something that is worth going to see if you are in that part of the world, and now knowing a little of the history behind it; it just makes it seem even more thrilling when looking at it. Needless to say I do think that this wonderful piece of art (The Fountain of Four Rivers) should be preserved solely on beauty of the work, the way the “River Gods” are worked into the sculpture.<!--more-->\n\n            The artist that is known for doing this sculpture is Gian Lorenzo Bernini; he started this sculpture in 1648 and didn’t have it finished until 1651. Bernini did many different works before this one but this would have to be one of his best works. Pope Innocent X project, he selected Bernini to do this fountain for him. The fountain was placed in the location it is at because the square of “Piazza Novana use to be an old circus town and that use to be a big stadium” (Martha Bakerjian). So the Pope replaced the old stadium by building three water fountains.\n\n            The Fountain of Four Rivers is a very detailed one. There is a reason why they call it “The Fountain of Four Rivers” it was supposed to represent four rivers in the four major continents that had been discovered at that time, and over top of each of the rivers there is a “River God” and that river god is suppose to represent the continent. It has the Nile River and the River God for the river has a towel covering his head due to “The source of the river was unknown (at least by Europeans)” (Mary Ann Sullivan). The Ganges of Poussin River representing the Asians. The River God is “large and relaxed holding an oar to represent the navigability of the river” (nstormberg). The Rio della Plata which to suppose to represent the Americas, the river god that is supposed to represent the Americans is black and reaching towards the gold in the water. The last river on the fountain is the Danube of Raggi which is to represent the Europeans. The River God is “reaching back and touches the paper crest, because it is the closest of the rivers to Rome” (nstormberg).  Each of the River Gods have animals that are either underneath them or by them in some way that are there to represent the creatures in those areas.\n\nThe work of Bernini is typical of this time frame, for a couple of reasons. For instance there are other fountains that were done at the time or a little later. There is actually one that is done right next to Bernini’s. It is the “Fontana del Moro” it was done by Giacomo della Porto and was built in 1575. It was also ordered to be constructed by Pope Innocent X.\n\nBoth fountains are done very nicely and both were put there for their own special reasons. They were both as you already know handpicked to be put there by the Pope himself. Another thing that is also funny in comparison to them both is that the people in the cities that they both were built in (cause the Fontana del Moro was moved to Piazza Novana) had at first a negative feeling towards it then both were happy that it was built afterwards. They both have a lot of detail behind them and with the great amounts of detail those parts are added for a direct reason. They both have different animals for representation of different meanings.\n\n            The work is unusual for the time due to this was the first time a fountain was being built to represent the four main continents by the major rivers that flow through them. Putting “River Gods” on them was something that was not ordinary of this time due to majority of the people were Christian in some manner or practicing something of religious values and the era was passed the time of having a God for every little things possible. The body positions are unique too “Traditionally, river gods were depicted in a lounging-position; they were hardly ever seen doing anything. In Bernini’s fountain, however, their twists, turns, and muscular contractions simulate the motions of the rivers they personify.”(Piazza Novana and Bernini’s Four Rivers Fountain).  Something that I found a little unique in general, was that it was common that if you were to ask to do a piece of art in some manner by the Pope then you were to incorporate something religious into your works. Bernini I think went a little outside the box he threw something religious into Bernini put the Popes shield into part of the fountain.  \n\n            At this start of the fountain the people living in the area did not like the idea of it being built. There was no money to pay for it so the people of the city had a tax put on their bread. The protesters wrote on paper and stuck them to the wall stating “We do not want obelisks or fountains, bread is what we want.” (nstormberg) The dislike of the fountain only went on for a few years with a lot of protesters and after it was revealed in 1651 majority of the protesters was amazed by the fountain (nstormberg). \n\n            The people today have a different affection towards the fountain from when it was being built. Over the years the fountain had been slowly falling apart and city of Rome has restored the fountain; back in 2008. “It was a two year ordeal but everything was clean and polished to make it look like it was bran new since not only to the people like looking at the fountain the pigeons also tend to like to rest on it”( Phoebe Natanson). I do believe partially the small difference with some of the people who may not have liked the fountain right after it was built compared to the ones who adore it now would probably have to be the ones now didn’t have to pay for the structure to be built by being heavily taxed in their bread. The people of the area must have some affection towards it if they own a store of some sort due to it must me a great revenue due to the amount of tourism that walks through on a daily bases.\n\n                The reactions between the time of when it was being built and have to pay for it to the time frame after it when people have traveled from all over the world to look see it. If I had to compare it to something from this era then I would have to say the way the Americans felt about the Statue of Liberty that sits in New York. At first none of the Americans wanted to take the gift or pay for the gift from the French, but now it is a large touristic attraction for this country and the state of New York, not only that but if you were to come into this country on a ship and try to get citizenship (well use to be like this) you would have to go right by the Statue. It’s sort of like now she is the gate that says hello and goodbye to you as you come and go from her land at least that is my input on it.\n\nTo compare this piece of work to something of its time well I have looked and I haven’t found anything that could fit the qualifications to be able to have the privileged to be compared to the Fountain of Four Rivers, but since I must chose one I went with “The Fountain of Neptune” it was done by Giacomo della Porta in 1576. It is another marvelous piece as well and sits near Bernini’s Fountain of Four Rivers and the Sant’Anges in Agone Church. It is a very well done fountain that doesn’t get as much attention I believe as the Fountain of Four Rivers does cause well it is kind of tucked into a corner and no in the center of the area like the Four Rivers Fountain is.  \n\n            I believe that this work it magnificent, I love the creativity in it. Bernini did a sweet job by constructing the “River Gods” and making them each in a unique way to be able to represent the river and the country it runs in. I also like the fact that he put animals in the sculpture to help you get a better understanding on which continent he is trying to represent. One of the history things I love is that the Pope wanted it built so he could have something that showed the four major continents and that they are connected. When looking at how it was paid for to be built I kind of see it as how it is now. We (the people) have to pay in taxes to have things be built like when the city or government wants to build something new they choose to tax the people of the area or country in order to find the funds to be able to pay for it.\n\nI think that the Fountain of the Four Rivers should be preserved for a multiple reasons. That this fountain represents that no matter how far apart we may live that we are all the same and are connected somehow in this world. The history of this fountain on where it is located and the way it was paid for. How it was not really popular at the construction part of it but after it was loved by just about everyone then and everyone now. Another reason it should be preserved is that the fountain is so structurally sound and that through the reconstruction and cleaning back in 2006-2008 that nothing was really wrong or needed any fixing with the fountain except that the outer layer of it was damaged a little due to the fact of pigeon landing and pooping on it.\n\n            I also think another good example that would help give my reasoning why I think it should be preserved is that there is no video or picture that is only that you can find of it being empty of people around looking at the fountain. The only time you can go and be able to get close to the fountain is early in the morning or during the middle of the night. \n\n&nbsp;\n<p align=\"center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Bibliography</span></strong></p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.rome.info/bernini/fountain-four-rivers/\">http://www.rome.info/bernini/fountain-four-rivers/</a></li>\n	<li>Art History Website Association, by Mary Ann Sullivan, 26 September 2011,</li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/4rivers/4rivers.html\">http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/4rivers/4rivers.html</a></li>\n	<li>Art History Archives, Piazza Navona and Bernini’s Four Rivers Fountain, by Nina Miller, posted September 29, 2005 <a href=\"http://honorsaharchive.blogspot.com/2005/09/ppiazza-navona-and-berninis-four-rivers.html\">http://honorsaharchive.blogspot.com/2005/09/ppiazza-navona-and-berninis-four-rivers.html</a></li>\n	<li> ABC News, Bernini\'s Famous Fountain Gets a Face-Lift, by Phoebe Natanson, posted December 10, 2008 <a href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=6431402&amp;page=1\">http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=6431402&amp;page=1</a></li>\n	<li>Web Gallery of Art, October 10, 2011, <a href=\"http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/b/bernini/gianlore/biograph.html\">http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/b/bernini/gianlore/biograph.html</a></li>\n	<li>Walking Tour of Piazza Novana in Rome, by Martha Bakerjian, About.com Guide, 10<sup>th</sup> October 2011; <a href=\"http://goitaly.about.com/od/romeitaly/ss/piazzanavona.htm\">http://goitaly.about.com/od/romeitaly/ss/piazzanavona.htm</a></li>\n	<li>Bernini-“Fountain dei Quattro Fuimi” or “Fountain of 4 Rivers”; by nstromberg; 24, February 2011 <a href=\"http://maitaly.wordpress.com/2011/02/24/bernini-fontana-dei-quattro-fiumi-or-fountain-of-4-rivers/\">http://maitaly.wordpress.com/2011/02/24/bernini-fontana-dei-quattro-fiumi-or-fountain-of-4-rivers/</a></li>\n</ol>','Fountain of Four Rivers','','inherit','open','open','','1863-revision','','','2011-10-10 21:39:36','2011-10-11 03:39:36','',1863,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1865',0,'revision','',0),(1867,52,'2011-10-10 21:59:25','2011-10-11 03:59:25','<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/imgres.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-1892 aligncenter\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/imgres.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"136\" height=\"160\" /></a></span></span>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">http://content.answcdn.com/main/content/img/webpics/John_Locke.jpg</span></span></p>\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">During the enlightenment a time in which people were trying to figure out how they relate to each other and the world around them came the question of what should be the role of the government and who is the ultimate authority. Although not the first to write a thesis on how the government relates to the governed John Locke became popular for his views of popular sovereignty that is that the power ultimately rests with the people which therefore means government can only be formed by the consent of the community and that if that government ultimately becomes corrupt then the people have the right to abolish it. Not only was this idea popular in its time by helping to justify glorious revolution but Locke\'s two treaties on civil government which was written around the time of the glorious revolution (1690) also helped shape the declaration of independence “governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,” I believe that this document is important enough to keep because it has shaped our lives so much by the way in which government is , that it should be kept for future generation so that they have a basis for future space communities .</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><!--more-->Written during a time of change in England which included but not limed to the glorious revolution and the beheading of </span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">King Charles I,</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> John Locke went to set out why we needed government. Although their were other documents that either attacked or praised the kings position John Locke mainly compared his view to that of Thomas Hobbes essay </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. It was similar to Thomas Hobbes </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> in that they both believed that government is necessary to protect the people and once the government is created, rights of the people have to be given up ,how it differed from </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> was in how he viewed the rights of the ruled. Thomas Hobbes believed once the people consented to a formed government they gave up all rights and all power laid with the ruler or king and that the governed must be passive servants which must be ruled through fear but in john Locke\'s second treatise he disputes those claims by saying the people can form governments out of reason and once created, be constantly critiqued and through their critique eventually if may eventually find that their government has become corrupt have the right to overthrow it and create a new one.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">At first John Locke\'s two treatises were not given a lot of attention Martynp Thompson in his article about the reception of the the 2 treatises at the time of their publication puts it as “Treatises occasioned no great immediate response” but “was thus certainly growing”. This lack of response was because of some of Locke\'s ideas were already popular among the Whigs and already stated in other published articles written by other more popular people of the day,so Locke\'s articles gained little attention when they were first released. Though his main reason for writing it was for justifying the glorious revolution it did not satisfy others, as it was too much of philosophical reasoning that did not include much of the context of the situation of the actual revolution that they felt was necessary in the argument. Not only was it not seen fit to justify the revolution it was also frowned upon because it also justified a whole new constitution if the people see fit, which the parliament did not like since they wanted to revive the ancient constitution.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Though not having as a dramatic effect when it was first released it eventually became the main point for the Whigs and eventually affected Thomas Jefferson in his writing of the deceleration of independence which has effected how a lot of countries base their government and in turn affects the way we live life today. I believe John Locke’s work has become more relevant today because unlike other articles that were popular right after the revolution broke because they referred and gave direct evidence for what was happening during the time, Locke gave a broader scope of how governments should be run and this broader scope can be more easily applied in today’s times.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">I hope in the future they will realize the main important idea of this document that I believe to be that government should be created for the people and run by the people and protect the people.</span></span>\r\n\r\nCitation Page\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Waldman, Theodore. \"Of Civil Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">World Philosophers &amp; Their Works</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> (2000): 1-5. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Swygart, Glenn L. \"Two Treatises of Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Masterplots, Fourth Edition</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> (2010): 1-3. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\"Two Treatises of Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Ethics (Ready Reference series)</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> (1994): 1. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Thompson, Martyn P. \"THE RECEPTION OF LOCKE\'S TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT 1690-1705.\"Political Studies 24.2 (1976): 184-191. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. </span></span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. Print.</span></span></span>','John Locke on Civil Government','','publish','open','open','','john','','','2011-10-21 10:57:21','2011-10-21 16:57:21','',0,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1867',0,'post','',5),(1868,52,'2011-10-10 21:58:30','2011-10-11 03:58:30','<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">During the enlightenment a time in which people were trying to figure out how they relate to each other and the world around them came the question of what should be the role of the government and who is the ultimate authority. Although not the first to write a thesis on how the government relates to the governed John Locke became popular for his views of popular sovereignty that is that the power ultimately rests with the people which therefore means government can only be formed by the consent of the community and that if that government ultimately becomes corrupt then the people have the right to abolish it. Not only was this idea popular in its time by helping to justify glorious revolution but Locke\'s two treaties on civil government which was written around the time of the glorious revolution (1690) also helped shape the declaration of independence “governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,” I believe that this document is important enough to keep because it has shaped our lives so much by the way in which government is , that it should be kept for future generation so that they have a basis for future space communities .</span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><!--more--></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">At first John Locke\'s two treatises were not given a lot of attention Martynp Thompson in his article about the reception of the the 2 treatises at the time of their publication puts it as “Treatises occasioned no great immediate response” but “was thus certainly growing”. This lack of response was because of some of Locke\'s ideas were already popular among the Whigs and already stated in other published articles written by other more popular people of the day,so Locke\'s articles gained little attention when they were first released. Though his main reason for writing it was for justifying the glorious revolution it did not satisfy others, as it was too much of philosophical reasoning that did not include much of the context of the situation of the actual revolution that they felt was necessary in the argument. Not only was it not seen fit to justify the revolution it was also frowned upon because it also justified a whole new constitution if the people see fit, which the parliament did not like since they wanted to revive the ancient constitution.</span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Though not having as a dramatic effect when it was first released it eventually became the main point for the Whigs and eventually affected Thomas Jefferson in his writing of the deceleration of independence which has effected how a lot of countries base their government and in turn affects the way we live life today. I believe John Locke’s work has become more relevant today because unlike other articles that were popular right after the revolution broke because they referred and gave direct evidence for what was happening during the time, Locke gave a broader scope of how governments should be run and this broader scope can be more easily applied in today’s times.</span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> I hope in the future they will realize the main important idea of this document that I believe to be that government should be created for the people and run by the people and protect the people.</span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\nCitation Page\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Waldman, Theodore. \"Of Civil Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">World Philosophers &amp; Their Works</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> (2000): 1-5. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Swygart, Glenn L. \"Two Treatises of Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Masterplots, Fourth Edition</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> (2010): 1-3. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Two Treatises of Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Ethics (Ready Reference series)</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> (1994): 1. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Thompson, Martyn P. \"THE RECEPTION OF LOCKE\'S TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT 1690-1705.\"Political Studies 24.2 (1976): 184-191. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. </span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. Print. </span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;','John','','inherit','open','open','','1867-revision','','','2011-10-10 21:58:30','2011-10-11 03:58:30','',1867,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1868',0,'revision','',0),(1869,1,'2011-10-10 21:59:25','2011-10-11 03:59:25','<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">During the enlightenment a time in which people were trying to figure out how they relate to each other and the world around them came the question of what should be the role of the government and who is the ultimate authority. Although not the first to write a thesis on how the government relates to the governed John Locke became popular for his views of popular sovereignty that is that the power ultimately rests with the people which therefore means government can only be formed by the consent of the community and that if that government ultimately becomes corrupt then the people have the right to abolish it. Not only was this idea popular in its time by helping to justify glorious revolution but Locke\'s two treaties on civil government which was written around the time of the glorious revolution (1690) also helped shape the declaration of independence “governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,” I believe that this document is important enough to keep because it has shaped our lives so much by the way in which government is , that it should be kept for future generation so that they have a basis for future space communities .</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><!--more--></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Written during a time of change in England which included but not limed to the glorious revolution and the beheading of </span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">King Charles I,</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> John Locke went to set out why we needed government. Although their were other documents that either attacked or praised the kings position John Locke mainly compared his view to that of Thomas Hobbes essay </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. It was similar to Thomas Hobbes </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> in that they both believed that government is necessary to protect the people and once the government is created, rights of the people have to be given up ,how it differed from </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> was in how he viewed the rights of the ruled. Thomas Hobbes believed once the people consented to a formed government they gave up all rights and all power laid with the ruler or king and that the governed must be passive servants which must be ruled through fear but in john Locke\'s second treatise he disputes those claims by saying the people can form governments out of reason and once created, be constantly critiqued and through their critique eventually if may eventually find that their government has become corrupt have the right to overthrow it and create a new one.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> At first John Locke\'s two treatises were not given a lot of attention Martynp Thompson in his article about the reception of the the 2 treatises at the time of their publication puts it as “Treatises occasioned no great immediate response” but “was thus certainly growing”. This lack of response was because of some of Locke\'s ideas were already popular among the Whigs and already stated in other published articles written by other more popular people of the day,so Locke\'s articles gained little attention when they were first released. Though his main reason for writing it was for justifying the glorious revolution it did not satisfy others, as it was too much of philosophical reasoning that did not include much of the context of the situation of the actual revolution that they felt was necessary in the argument. Not only was it not seen fit to justify the revolution it was also frowned upon because it also justified a whole new constitution if the people see fit, which the parliament did not like since they wanted to revive the ancient constitution.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Though not having as a dramatic effect when it was first released it eventually became the main point for the Whigs and eventually affected Thomas Jefferson in his writing of the deceleration of independence which has effected how a lot of countries base their government and in turn affects the way we live life today. I believe John Locke’s work has become more relevant today because unlike other articles that were popular right after the revolution broke because they referred and gave direct evidence for what was happening during the time, Locke gave a broader scope of how governments should be run and this broader scope can be more easily applied in today’s times.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> I hope in the future they will realize the main important idea of this document that I believe to be that government should be created for the people and run by the people and protect the people.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nCitation Page\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Waldman, Theodore. \"Of Civil Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">World Philosophers &amp; Their Works</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> (2000): 1-5. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Swygart, Glenn L. \"Two Treatises of Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Masterplots, Fourth Edition</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> (2010): 1-3. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Two Treatises of Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Ethics (Ready Reference series)</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> (1994): 1. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Thompson, Martyn P. \"THE RECEPTION OF LOCKE\'S TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT 1690-1705.\"Political Studies 24.2 (1976): 184-191. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. </span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. Print. </span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;font-size: x-small\">\r\n</span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','John','','inherit','open','open','','1867-revision-2','','','2011-10-10 21:59:25','2011-10-11 03:59:25','',1867,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1869',0,'revision','',0),(1870,1,'2011-10-10 21:40:02','2011-10-11 03:40:02','[caption id=\"attachment_1864\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"480\" caption=\"http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%3Fei%3DUTF-8%26p%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers&amp;w=160&amp;h=123&amp;imgurl=www.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers%23focal%3De44a58148452980375d7e179f82b6157%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.friendsofart.net%252fstatic%252fimages%252fart1%252fgian-lorenzo-bernini-fountain-of-the-four-rivers.jpg&amp;size=&amp;name=search&amp;rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers%23focal%3De44a58148452980375d7e179f82b6157%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.friendsofart.net%252fstatic%252fimages%252fart1%252fgian-lorenzo-bernini-fountain-of-the-four-rivers.jpg&amp;rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dbernini%2Bfountain%2Bof%2Bfour%2Brivers%23focal%3De44a58148452980375d7e179f82b6157%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.friendsofart.net%252fstatic%252fimages%252fart1%252fgian-lorenzo-bernini-fountain-of-the-four-rivers.jpg&amp;p=bernini+fountain+of+four+rivers&amp;type=&amp;no=1&amp;tt=115&amp;oid=http%3A%2F%2Fts1.mm.bing.net%2Fimages%2Fthumbnail.aspx%3Fq%3D1281865222680%26id%3Dee8ccb8f7285932c69e76516479c4166&amp;tit=Fountain+of+the+Four+Rivers+by+Gian+Lorenzo+Bernini+on+friends-of-art+...&amp;sigr=1718tdpa1&amp;sigi=16q5k6avq&amp;sigb=129eg64bn&amp;fr=yfp-t-701-s\"]<a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/313838117_ff0570e373_z2.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-1864\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/313838117_ff0570e373_z2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\" /></a>[/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">The Fountain of Four Rivers</span></p>\r\n            In Rome, Italy there are a lot of historical artifacts but one of them that stands out the most, and his one of the most creative sculptures to see would have to be “The Fountain of Four Rivers” It is located in the square of Piazza Novana. In my opinion it is something that is worth going to see if you are in that part of the world, and now knowing a little of the history behind it; it just makes it seem even more thrilling when looking at it. Needless to say I do think that this wonderful piece of art (The Fountain of Four Rivers) should be preserved solely on beauty of the work, the way the “River Gods” are worked into the sculpture.<!--more-->\r\n\r\n            The artist that is known for doing this sculpture is Gian Lorenzo Bernini; he started this sculpture in 1648 and didn’t have it finished until 1651. Bernini did many different works before this one but this would have to be one of his best works. Pope Innocent X project, he selected Bernini to do this fountain for him. The fountain was placed in the location it is at because the square of “Piazza Novana use to be an old circus town and that use to be a big stadium” (Martha Bakerjian). So the Pope replaced the old stadium by building three water fountains.\r\n\r\n            The Fountain of Four Rivers is a very detailed one. There is a reason why they call it “The Fountain of Four Rivers” it was supposed to represent four rivers in the four major continents that had been discovered at that time, and over top of each of the rivers there is a “River God” and that river god is suppose to represent the continent. It has the Nile River and the River God for the river has a towel covering his head due to “The source of the river was unknown (at least by Europeans)” (Mary Ann Sullivan). The Ganges of Poussin River representing the Asians. The River God is “large and relaxed holding an oar to represent the navigability of the river” (nstormberg). The Rio della Plata which to suppose to represent the Americas, the river god that is supposed to represent the Americans is black and reaching towards the gold in the water. The last river on the fountain is the Danube of Raggi which is to represent the Europeans. The River God is “reaching back and touches the paper crest, because it is the closest of the rivers to Rome” (nstormberg).  Each of the River Gods have animals that are either underneath them or by them in some way that are there to represent the creatures in those areas.\r\n\r\nThe work of Bernini is typical of this time frame, for a couple of reasons. For instance there are other fountains that were done at the time or a little later. There is actually one that is done right next to Bernini’s. It is the “Fontana del Moro” it was done by Giacomo della Porto and was built in 1575. It was also ordered to be constructed by Pope Innocent X.\r\n\r\nBoth fountains are done very nicely and both were put there for their own special reasons. They were both as you already know handpicked to be put there by the Pope himself. Another thing that is also funny in comparison to them both is that the people in the cities that they both were built in (cause the Fontana del Moro was moved to Piazza Novana) had at first a negative feeling towards it then both were happy that it was built afterwards. They both have a lot of detail behind them and with the great amounts of detail those parts are added for a direct reason. They both have different animals for representation of different meanings.\r\n\r\n            The work is unusual for the time due to this was the first time a fountain was being built to represent the four main continents by the major rivers that flow through them. Putting “River Gods” on them was something that was not ordinary of this time due to majority of the people were Christian in some manner or practicing something of religious values and the era was passed the time of having a God for every little things possible. The body positions are unique too “Traditionally, river gods were depicted in a lounging-position; they were hardly ever seen doing anything. In Bernini’s fountain, however, their twists, turns, and muscular contractions simulate the motions of the rivers they personify.”(Piazza Novana and Bernini’s Four Rivers Fountain).  Something that I found a little unique in general, was that it was common that if you were to ask to do a piece of art in some manner by the Pope then you were to incorporate something religious into your works. Bernini I think went a little outside the box he threw something religious into Bernini put the Popes shield into part of the fountain.  \r\n\r\n            At this start of the fountain the people living in the area did not like the idea of it being built. There was no money to pay for it so the people of the city had a tax put on their bread. The protesters wrote on paper and stuck them to the wall stating “We do not want obelisks or fountains, bread is what we want.” (nstormberg) The dislike of the fountain only went on for a few years with a lot of protesters and after it was revealed in 1651 majority of the protesters was amazed by the fountain (nstormberg). \r\n\r\n            The people today have a different affection towards the fountain from when it was being built. Over the years the fountain had been slowly falling apart and city of Rome has restored the fountain; back in 2008. “It was a two year ordeal but everything was clean and polished to make it look like it was bran new since not only to the people like looking at the fountain the pigeons also tend to like to rest on it”( Phoebe Natanson). I do believe partially the small difference with some of the people who may not have liked the fountain right after it was built compared to the ones who adore it now would probably have to be the ones now didn’t have to pay for the structure to be built by being heavily taxed in their bread. The people of the area must have some affection towards it if they own a store of some sort due to it must me a great revenue due to the amount of tourism that walks through on a daily bases.\r\n\r\n                The reactions between the time of when it was being built and have to pay for it to the time frame after it when people have traveled from all over the world to look see it. If I had to compare it to something from this era then I would have to say the way the Americans felt about the Statue of Liberty that sits in New York. At first none of the Americans wanted to take the gift or pay for the gift from the French, but now it is a large touristic attraction for this country and the state of New York, not only that but if you were to come into this country on a ship and try to get citizenship (well use to be like this) you would have to go right by the Statue. It’s sort of like now she is the gate that says hello and goodbye to you as you come and go from her land at least that is my input on it.\r\n\r\nTo compare this piece of work to something of its time well I have looked and I haven’t found anything that could fit the qualifications to be able to have the privileged to be compared to the Fountain of Four Rivers, but since I must chose one I went with “The Fountain of Neptune” it was done by Giacomo della Porta in 1576. It is another marvelous piece as well and sits near Bernini’s Fountain of Four Rivers and the Sant’Anges in Agone Church. It is a very well done fountain that doesn’t get as much attention I believe as the Fountain of Four Rivers does cause well it is kind of tucked into a corner and no in the center of the area like the Four Rivers Fountain is.  \r\n\r\n            I believe that this work it magnificent, I love the creativity in it. Bernini did a sweet job by constructing the “River Gods” and making them each in a unique way to be able to represent the river and the country it runs in. I also like the fact that he put animals in the sculpture to help you get a better understanding on which continent he is trying to represent. One of the history things I love is that the Pope wanted it built so he could have something that showed the four major continents and that they are connected. When looking at how it was paid for to be built I kind of see it as how it is now. We (the people) have to pay in taxes to have things be built like when the city or government wants to build something new they choose to tax the people of the area or country in order to find the funds to be able to pay for it.\r\n\r\nI think that the Fountain of the Four Rivers should be preserved for a multiple reasons. That this fountain represents that no matter how far apart we may live that we are all the same and are connected somehow in this world. The history of this fountain on where it is located and the way it was paid for. How it was not really popular at the construction part of it but after it was loved by just about everyone then and everyone now. Another reason it should be preserved is that the fountain is so structurally sound and that through the reconstruction and cleaning back in 2006-2008 that nothing was really wrong or needed any fixing with the fountain except that the outer layer of it was damaged a little due to the fact of pigeon landing and pooping on it.\r\n\r\n            I also think another good example that would help give my reasoning why I think it should be preserved is that there is no video or picture that is only that you can find of it being empty of people around looking at the fountain. The only time you can go and be able to get close to the fountain is early in the morning or during the middle of the night. \r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Bibliography</span></strong></p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Art History Website Association, by Mary Ann Sullivan, 26 September 2011,</li>\r\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/4rivers/4rivers.html\">http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/4rivers/4rivers.html</a></li>\r\n	<li>Art History Archives, Piazza Navona and Bernini’s Four Rivers Fountain, by Nina Miller, posted September 29, 2005 <a href=\"http://honorsaharchive.blogspot.com/2005/09/ppiazza-navona-and-berninis-four-rivers.html\">http://honorsaharchive.blogspot.com/2005/09/ppiazza-navona-and-berninis-four-rivers.html</a></li>\r\n	<li> ABC News, Bernini\'s Famous Fountain Gets a Face-Lift, by Phoebe Natanson, posted December 10, 2008 <a href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=6431402&amp;page=1\">http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=6431402&amp;page=1</a></li>\r\n	<li>Web Gallery of Art, October 10, 2011, <a href=\"http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/b/bernini/gianlore/biograph.html\">http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/b/bernini/gianlore/biograph.html</a></li>\r\n	<li>Walking Tour of Piazza Novana in Rome, by Martha Bakerjian, About.com Guide, 10<sup>th</sup> October 2011; <a href=\"http://goitaly.about.com/od/romeitaly/ss/piazzanavona.htm\">http://goitaly.about.com/od/romeitaly/ss/piazzanavona.htm</a></li>\r\n	<li>Bernini-“Fountain dei Quattro Fuimi” or “Fountain of 4 Rivers”; by nstromberg; 24, February 2011 <a href=\"http://maitaly.wordpress.com/2011/02/24/bernini-fontana-dei-quattro-fiumi-or-fountain-of-4-rivers/\">http://maitaly.wordpress.com/2011/02/24/bernini-fontana-dei-quattro-fiumi-or-fountain-of-4-rivers/</a></li>\r\n</ol>','Fountain of Four Rivers','','inherit','open','open','','1863-revision-2','','','2011-10-10 21:40:02','2011-10-11 03:40:02','',1863,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1870',0,'revision','',0),(1872,1,'2011-10-10 21:27:56','2011-10-11 03:27:56','[caption id=\"attachment_1850\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\" caption=\"Hell&#039;s Kitchen presents The Last Supper!\"]<a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/hells-kitchen-logo.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1850\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/hells-kitchen-logo-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" /></a>[/caption]\r\n\r\nOver the course of his illustrious career, Tintoretto painted\r\nexactly eight versions of the famous Last Supper, the first one in\r\n1547, while the last painting was begun in 1591 and finished in 1594,\r\nthe same year that Tintoretto died. The bulk of these paintings may\r\nstill be viewed today, as all but a single one remain in Venice.\r\nAlmost everyone the world over is familiar with the imagery of the\r\nlast supper, where Jesus and his apostles are sharing the last meal\r\nthat they will have together. Judas plots the demise of his master,\r\nwhile Jesus instructs his followers to eat of his flesh and drink of\r\nhis blood while offering bread and wine for the rite of\r\ntransubstantiation. Tintoretto painted during the burgeoning\r\nrenaissance, and was even apprenticed to the great master Titian, who\r\nre-invented the nude as an art form with his work \'The Venice of\r\nUrbino\', which is still heralded even today as a timeless piece. \"The\r\ncentury that began with Bellini and Giorgione is [closing]. Titian,\r\nthe colossus, has long been buried in the church of the Frari, and\r\nVeronese, the last legitimate competitor, has been dead for three\r\nyears; thus Tintoretto, thanks not only to talent, ambition, and\r\nprodigious energy, but to the brute facts of attrition and survival,\r\nfinds himself in the role of Venice\'s leading artist” (Hahn 200).\r\nTintoretto’s Last Supper should without any doubt be preserved just\r\nfor the legacy that Tintoretto left, but also because his obsession\r\nwith this particular image and the fact that he continued to work on\r\nit over the course of his entire career suggests that the artist was\r\nespecially close to the story and ideas behind the Last Supper.\r\n\r\nIt takes almost no skill or knowledge to equate the intense\r\nreligious message portrayed in The Last Supper with classical art.\r\nPractically everyone is familiar in one way or another with Leonardo\r\nDa Vinci\'s painting of the subject, which is still just as eagerly\r\ndeciphered for its symbology today as his other immortal work, the\r\nMona Lisa. In the subject matter Tintoretto selected, he was very much\r\nfollowing the fad of the times, since historical works of art as well\r\nas those containing religious or mythological subject matter were in\r\nthe highest of demand. One of Tintoretto\'s peers, the sculptor\r\nDonatello, portrayed the biblical story of Judith and Holofernes as\r\none of his works. Michelangelo sculpted the David that still rivets\r\nour imagination even today. According to the Italian style of\r\npainting, Tintoretto\'s images are carefully composed, with painstaking\r\nattention paid to the details of the arrangement, and the mathematical\r\nproportions of each figure in relation to the room. Humanism was a\r\nprevalent school of thought at the time, defined as any viewpoint that\r\nis human-centered. \"Second-generation humanists felt it their duty to\r\nactively contribute to civic life, resurrecting the classical age\'s\r\nrepublican ideals along with its literary sensibilities. At the same\r\ntime, artists showed a new interest in realistic representations of\r\nthe human body, as seen in the works of Michelangelo. Humanistic\r\nvalues spread rapidly among the elite, including women scholars like\r\nAlessandra Scala and Isotta Nogarola” (Boucquey).\r\n\r\nIt is only in his technique that Tintoretto towers above his\r\ncontemporaries. Although the act of setting up a miniature model to\r\nhelp guide an artist through properly translating the image they\r\ndesire was not unheard of, it is this practice which gave Tintoretto\r\nthe ability to create such life-like detail in his paintings. \"The\r\ncharacteristic qualities of his works—a wonderfully dramatic sense of\r\nmovement, space, and lighting—were in part aided by his use of small\r\nwax models which he grouped inside a box to create a stage-like\r\nsetting, changing the figures, lighting, and setting to explore\r\ndifferent effects” ( Hutchinson ). Among the artists who used this\r\nparticular method of preparing their paintings, Tintoretto was\r\nconsidered possibly the most brilliant of them all, and was capable of\r\nextracting amazing detail. Tintoretto was also among those who used\r\nmannerism to break away from the traditional style of the time.\r\n\"Mannerism [was] a style in art and architecture (c.1520–1600),\r\noriginating in Italy as a reaction against the equilibrium of form and\r\nproportions characteristic of the High Renaissance. Mannerists devised\r\ncompositions in which they deliberately confused scale and spatial\r\nrelationships between figures, crowding them into the picture plane.\r\nOften strange tunnel-like spaces were created, as in the works of\r\nTintoretto and El Greco. Lighting became harsh, and coloring tended to\r\nbe acrimonious. The mannerists devised sophisticated and obscure\r\nallegories” (Mannerism).\r\n\r\nEven though there are those who look down at Tintoretto for\r\nchoosing to work in the mannerist style, as well as those who would\r\nlike to claim that the works of Titian eclipse Tintoretto, whom was at\r\nodds with his former mentor, there is no denying that Tintoretto was\r\nacknowledged for his greatness practically within his lifetime. Only a\r\nfew decades after Tintoretto\'s death at the turn of the century,\r\nWilliam Blake was partial to Tintoretto\'s paintings and made a point\r\nto study them along with the works of masters like Michelangelo and\r\nDonatello. \"Although he adhered to tempera, Blake had seen and been\r\nmoved by exhibitions of European oils including works by...Titian,\r\nMichelangelo, and Tintoretto at several London galleries, and his work\r\nshowed their painterly influence, especially in his use of\r\nperspective” (Heims). A century after that Yeats had glowing words of\r\npraise for Tintoretto, even though he uses a work by Tintoretto to\r\nshow how an image can never tell a story as fully as words. Yeats\r\nillustrates his point with Tintoretto\'s painting Origin of the Milky\r\nWay (ca. 1577): \"A hundred generations might write out what seemed the\r\nmeaning of the one, and they would write different meanings, for no\r\nsymbol tells all its meaning to any generation; but when you have\r\nsaid, \'That woman there is Juno, and the milk out of her breast is\r\nmaking the Milky Way,\' you have told the meaning of the other, and the\r\nfine painting, which has added so much irrelevant beauty, has not told\r\nit better” (qtd in Harper).\r\n\r\nMore modern reviews of Tintoretto’s work seem to have equally\r\nkind words, remarking that,\"The style is spontaneous, and the\r\norganization seems no less inspired. More intuitive Italian rational,\r\nmore interested in motion and impact than order and logic, his designs\r\naim to immerse us in their actions, involving us psychologically and\r\nviscerally” (Hahn). In a rare example of coherency throughout the\r\nages, the works of this particular artist seem to be found as\r\ninspiring and entrancing now as they were during the years shortly\r\nafter his career ended. It is probably a monument to the way\r\nTintoretto broke away from the conventional style of the renaissance\r\nby taking part in the mannerist movement that his works stand so far\r\napart from those that are considered masters of the time while still\r\nbeing considered masterful in their own right.\r\n\r\nWhen I saw this piece I fell immediately in love with the\r\nintricately rendered details and the way that Tintoretto has invited\r\nus into the same space that Jesus occupies. The apostles and their\r\nmaster sit at a table that seems to recede back into the shadowy room\r\nof a simple inn. Servants go about their business in the foreground,\r\nand the meal appears to be winding to a close. A single candle\r\nilluminates the room, with the ghostly suggestion of angels projecting\r\nfrom the flame to represent the presence of the holy ghost. Compared\r\nto the usual paintings of the renaissance, Tintoretto’s style seems\r\nmore moving and realistic, as if he wanted to draw the viewer in with\r\nthe believability of the scene, then keep them there with all the\r\nsubtle iconography. There are a myriad of tiny details to engage the\r\neye, from the cat peeking into the tub of water that a servant girl\r\nleans over, to the angels that seem to fade into the background,\r\nemerging from the dusky woodwork.\r\n\r\nIn order to compare the Last Supper by Tintoretto with another\r\nwork of its time, there is only one piece that can be chosen. The Last\r\nSupper by Leonardo Da Vinci is the obvious choice, although it almost\r\ndoesn’t seem fair to hold the rather plain fresco alongside\r\nTintoretto’s brilliantly rendered oil painting. Because these are both\r\nimages of the Last Supper parable, the best place for comparison would\r\nbe the actual representation of the story. Leonardo does a better job\r\nof translating through arrangement and hidden iconography the spirit\r\nof the story, while it is almost difficult to decipher what Tintoretto\r\nis seeking to portray, because he has made Jesus and his followers\r\nseem so human. However, the very humanity that Tintoretto has placed\r\ninto his painting is what makes it speak to the viewer. Certainly in\r\nthe sense of style and skill, Tintoretto has outclassed Leonardo.\r\nLooking at Leonardo’s Last Supper, the image seems flat and almost\r\nsimplistic. There is less attention paid to the special proportions,\r\nso while there is some recession of the room where Jesus and his\r\nfollowers are feasting, the proportion seems uninteresting and does\r\nnot invite the eye to wander past the table and the men seated at it.\r\nCertainly there are some strange and mysterious theories floating\r\naround about the Leonardo copy, and what the artist was trying to say\r\nwith his arrangement, while Tintoretto’s version is more straight\r\nforward and easier to decipher. However, if mystery is what makes a\r\npiece of art great, then there is a monumental mystery in Tintoretto’s\r\ndecision not to specify Judas out of the apostles. There is no way to\r\nspecifically pinpoint which man is Judas, while in the Leonardo\r\nfresco, each member of the dinner party has been identified.\r\n\r\nNot only was Tintoretto an amazingly talented artist, he was also\r\na very prolific artist, painting somewhere around five hundred images\r\nover the course of his life. This may not be as surprising knowing\r\nthat he did eight different versions of the Last Supper alone. Because\r\nthe breadth and body of his work is so great, selecting a specific\r\nwork to represent his skill is difficult. From the eight versions of\r\nthe Last Supper it is clear that Tintoretto himself was fascinated\r\nwith this story, and indeed, the story is what makes it such an\r\nobvious choice to be preserved. For anyone not familiar with the\r\nbackground of the Last Supper, it was the Passover meal during which\r\nJesus performed the right of transubstantiation – giving his followers\r\nbread and wine which was then ‘transubstantiated’ into the body and\r\nblood of Christ, allowing his followers to take in his spirit and\r\npower – before being betrayed by Judas and taken to be crucified. The\r\nLast Supper is the beginning of one of the world’s oldest tales of\r\nbetrayal, but where Leonardo chose to emphasis that aspect, making it\r\nclear who each individual in his painting is, Tintoretto has chosen to\r\nfocus instead on the fellowship of the Passover without hinting at the\r\ngreat betrayal that is about to take place. For the religious\r\novertones, the beauty and skill with which the painting was executed,\r\nand the impact that Tintoretto had on the history and art of the\r\nrenaissance, this piece is of invaluable importance and should\r\nabsolutely be preserved for the future.\r\n\r\n_______________Works Cited_______________\r\n\r\nHahn, Robert. \"Motion, energy, and revelation: Tintoretto\'s Last\r\nSuppers.\" TriQuarterly 126 (2006): 200+. Literature Resource Center.\r\nWeb. 9 Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\n\"Renaissance art and architecture.\" Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,\r\n6th Edition (2010): 1. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\n\"Tintoretto.\" Hutchinson\'s Biography Database (2011): 1. MAS Ultra -\r\nSchool Edition. EBSCO. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\nBoucquey, Thierry, gen. ed. \"humanism in the Renaissance.\"\r\nEncyclopedia of World Writers, 14th through 18th Centuries. New York:\r\nFacts On File, Inc., 2005. Bloom\'s Literary Reference Online. Facts On\r\nFile, Inc. 9. Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\n\"Mannerism.\" Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2010): 1.\r\nMAS Ultra - School Edition. EBSCO. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\nHarper, George Mills. W. B. Yeats and W. T. Horton: A Record of an\r\nOccult Friendship; Horton, W. T. A Book of Images; Yeats, W. B. The\r\nCollected Letters of W. B. Yeats (vols. 2–3), Essays and\r\nIntroductions.\r\n\r\nHeims, Neil. \"Blake, William.\" In Bloom, Harold, ed. William Blake,\r\nBloom\'s BioCritiques. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishing, 2005.\r\nBloom\'s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc.\r\n\r\nHahn, Robert. \"Tintoretto and the Truths of Incoherence.\" Raritan 26.4\r\n(2007): 125-150. World History Collection. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.','The Last Supper by Tintoretto','','inherit','open','open','','1843-revision-4','','','2011-10-10 21:27:56','2011-10-11 03:27:56','',1843,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1872',0,'revision','',0),(1873,1,'2011-10-11 08:14:46','2011-10-11 14:14:46','[caption id=\"attachment_1850\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\" caption=\"Hell&#39;s Kitchen presents The Last Supper!\"]<a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/hells-kitchen-logo.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1850\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/hells-kitchen-logo-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" /></a>[/caption]\r\n\r\nOver the course of his illustrious career, Tintoretto painted\r\nexactly eight versions of the famous Last Supper, the first one in\r\n1547, while the last painting was begun in 1591 and finished in 1594,\r\nthe same year that Tintoretto died. The bulk of these paintings may\r\nstill be viewed today, as all but a single one remain in Venice.\r\nAlmost everyone the world over is familiar with the imagery of the\r\nlast supper, where Jesus and his apostles are sharing the last meal\r\nthat they will have together. Judas plots the demise of his master,\r\nwhile Jesus instructs his followers to eat of his flesh and drink of\r\nhis blood while offering bread and wine for the rite of\r\ntransubstantiation. Tintoretto painted during the burgeoning\r\nrenaissance, and was even apprenticed to the great master Titian, who\r\nre-invented the nude as an art form with his work \'The Venice of\r\nUrbino\', which is still heralded even today as a timeless piece. \"The\r\ncentury that began with Bellini and Giorgione is [closing]. Titian,\r\nthe colossus, has long been buried in the church of the Frari, and\r\nVeronese, the last legitimate competitor, has been dead for three\r\nyears; thus Tintoretto, thanks not only to talent, ambition, and\r\nprodigious energy, but to the brute facts of attrition and survival,\r\nfinds himself in the role of Venice\'s leading artist” (Hahn 200).\r\nTintoretto’s Last Supper should without any doubt be preserved just\r\nfor the legacy that Tintoretto left, but also because his obsession\r\nwith this particular image and the fact that he continued to work on\r\nit over the course of his entire career suggests that the artist was\r\nespecially close to the story and ideas behind the Last Supper.\r\n\r\nIt takes almost no skill or knowledge to equate the intense\r\nreligious message portrayed in The Last Supper with classical art.\r\nPractically everyone is familiar in one way or another with Leonardo\r\nDa Vinci\'s painting of the subject, which is still just as eagerly\r\ndeciphered for its symbology today as his other immortal work, the\r\nMona Lisa. In the subject matter Tintoretto selected, he was very much\r\nfollowing the fad of the times, since historical works of art as well\r\nas those containing religious or mythological subject matter were in\r\nthe highest of demand. One of Tintoretto\'s peers, the sculptor\r\nDonatello, portrayed the biblical story of Judith and Holofernes as\r\none of his works. Michelangelo sculpted the David that still rivets\r\nour imagination even today. According to the Italian style of\r\npainting, Tintoretto\'s images are carefully composed, with painstaking\r\nattention paid to the details of the arrangement, and the mathematical\r\nproportions of each figure in relation to the room. Humanism was a\r\nprevalent school of thought at the time, defined as any viewpoint that\r\nis human-centered. \"Second-generation humanists felt it their duty to\r\nactively contribute to civic life, resurrecting the classical age\'s\r\nrepublican ideals along with its literary sensibilities. At the same\r\ntime, artists showed a new interest in realistic representations of\r\nthe human body, as seen in the works of Michelangelo. Humanistic\r\nvalues spread rapidly among the elite, including women scholars like\r\nAlessandra Scala and Isotta Nogarola” (Boucquey).\r\n\r\nIt is only in his technique that Tintoretto towers above his\r\ncontemporaries. Although the act of setting up a miniature model to\r\nhelp guide an artist through properly translating the image they\r\ndesire was not unheard of, it is this practice which gave Tintoretto\r\nthe ability to create such life-like detail in his paintings. \"The\r\ncharacteristic qualities of his works—a wonderfully dramatic sense of\r\nmovement, space, and lighting—were in part aided by his use of small\r\nwax models which he grouped inside a box to create a stage-like\r\nsetting, changing the figures, lighting, and setting to explore\r\ndifferent effects” ( Hutchinson ). Among the artists who used this\r\nparticular method of preparing their paintings, Tintoretto was\r\nconsidered possibly the most brilliant of them all, and was capable of\r\nextracting amazing detail. Tintoretto was also among those who used\r\nmannerism to break away from the traditional style of the time.\r\n\"Mannerism [was] a style in art and architecture (c.1520–1600),\r\noriginating in Italy as a reaction against the equilibrium of form and\r\nproportions characteristic of the High Renaissance. Mannerists devised\r\ncompositions in which they deliberately confused scale and spatial\r\nrelationships between figures, crowding them into the picture plane.\r\nOften strange tunnel-like spaces were created, as in the works of\r\nTintoretto and El Greco. Lighting became harsh, and coloring tended to\r\nbe acrimonious. The mannerists devised sophisticated and obscure\r\nallegories” (Mannerism).\r\n\r\nEven though there are those who look down at Tintoretto for\r\nchoosing to work in the mannerist style, as well as those who would\r\nlike to claim that the works of Titian eclipse Tintoretto, whom was at\r\nodds with his former mentor, there is no denying that Tintoretto was\r\nacknowledged for his greatness practically within his lifetime. Only a\r\nfew decades after Tintoretto\'s death at the turn of the century,\r\nWilliam Blake was partial to Tintoretto\'s paintings and made a point\r\nto study them along with the works of masters like Michelangelo and\r\nDonatello. \"Although he adhered to tempera, Blake had seen and been\r\nmoved by exhibitions of European oils including works by...Titian,\r\nMichelangelo, and Tintoretto at several London galleries, and his work\r\nshowed their painterly influence, especially in his use of\r\nperspective” (Heims). A century after that Yeats had glowing words of\r\npraise for Tintoretto, even though he uses a work by Tintoretto to\r\nshow how an image can never tell a story as fully as words. Yeats\r\nillustrates his point with Tintoretto\'s painting Origin of the Milky\r\nWay (ca. 1577): \"A hundred generations might write out what seemed the\r\nmeaning of the one, and they would write different meanings, for no\r\nsymbol tells all its meaning to any generation; but when you have\r\nsaid, \'That woman there is Juno, and the milk out of her breast is\r\nmaking the Milky Way,\' you have told the meaning of the other, and the\r\nfine painting, which has added so much irrelevant beauty, has not told\r\nit better” (qtd in Harper).\r\n\r\nMore modern reviews of Tintoretto’s work seem to have equally\r\nkind words, remarking that,\"The style is spontaneous, and the\r\norganization seems no less inspired. More intuitive Italian rational,\r\nmore interested in motion and impact than order and logic, his designs\r\naim to immerse us in their actions, involving us psychologically and\r\nviscerally” (Hahn). In a rare example of coherency throughout the\r\nages, the works of this particular artist seem to be found as\r\ninspiring and entrancing now as they were during the years shortly\r\nafter his career ended. It is probably a monument to the way\r\nTintoretto broke away from the conventional style of the renaissance\r\nby taking part in the mannerist movement that his works stand so far\r\napart from those that are considered masters of the time while still\r\nbeing considered masterful in their own right.\r\n\r\nWhen I saw this piece I fell immediately in love with the\r\nintricately rendered details and the way that Tintoretto has invited\r\nus into the same space that Jesus occupies. The apostles and their\r\nmaster sit at a table that seems to recede back into the shadowy room\r\nof a simple inn. Servants go about their business in the foreground,\r\nand the meal appears to be winding to a close. A single candle\r\nilluminates the room, with the ghostly suggestion of angels projecting\r\nfrom the flame to represent the presence of the holy ghost. Compared\r\nto the usual paintings of the renaissance, Tintoretto’s style seems\r\nmore moving and realistic, as if he wanted to draw the viewer in with\r\nthe believability of the scene, then keep them there with all the\r\nsubtle iconography. There are a myriad of tiny details to engage the\r\neye, from the cat peeking into the tub of water that a servant girl\r\nleans over, to the angels that seem to fade into the background,\r\nemerging from the dusky woodwork.\r\n\r\nIn order to compare the Last Supper by Tintoretto with another\r\nwork of its time, there is only one piece that can be chosen. The Last\r\nSupper by Leonardo Da Vinci is the obvious choice, although it almost\r\ndoesn’t seem fair to hold the rather plain fresco alongside\r\nTintoretto’s brilliantly rendered oil painting. Because these are both\r\nimages of the Last Supper parable, the best place for comparison would\r\nbe the actual representation of the story. Leonardo does a better job\r\nof translating through arrangement and hidden iconography the spirit\r\nof the story, while it is almost difficult to decipher what Tintoretto\r\nis seeking to portray, because he has made Jesus and his followers\r\nseem so human. However, the very humanity that Tintoretto has placed\r\ninto his painting is what makes it speak to the viewer. Certainly in\r\nthe sense of style and skill, Tintoretto has outclassed Leonardo.\r\nLooking at Leonardo’s Last Supper, the image seems flat and almost\r\nsimplistic. There is less attention paid to the special proportions,\r\nso while there is some recession of the room where Jesus and his\r\nfollowers are feasting, the proportion seems uninteresting and does\r\nnot invite the eye to wander past the table and the men seated at it.\r\nCertainly there are some strange and mysterious theories floating\r\naround about the Leonardo copy, and what the artist was trying to say\r\nwith his arrangement, while Tintoretto’s version is more straight\r\nforward and easier to decipher. However, if mystery is what makes a\r\npiece of art great, then there is a monumental mystery in Tintoretto’s\r\ndecision not to specify Judas out of the apostles. There is no way to\r\nspecifically pinpoint which man is Judas, while in the Leonardo\r\nfresco, each member of the dinner party has been identified.\r\n\r\nNot only was Tintoretto an amazingly talented artist, he was also\r\na very prolific artist, painting somewhere around five hundred images\r\nover the course of his life. This may not be as surprising knowing\r\nthat he did eight different versions of the Last Supper alone. Because\r\nthe breadth and body of his work is so great, selecting a specific\r\nwork to represent his skill is difficult. From the eight versions of\r\nthe Last Supper it is clear that Tintoretto himself was fascinated\r\nwith this story, and indeed, the story is what makes it such an\r\nobvious choice to be preserved. For anyone not familiar with the\r\nbackground of the Last Supper, it was the Passover meal during which\r\nJesus performed the right of transubstantiation – giving his followers\r\nbread and wine which was then ‘transubstantiated’ into the body and\r\nblood of Christ, allowing his followers to take in his spirit and\r\npower – before being betrayed by Judas and taken to be crucified. The\r\nLast Supper is the beginning of one of the world’s oldest tales of\r\nbetrayal, but where Leonardo chose to emphasis that aspect, making it\r\nclear who each individual in his painting is, Tintoretto has chosen to\r\nfocus instead on the fellowship of the Passover without hinting at the\r\ngreat betrayal that is about to take place. For the religious\r\novertones, the beauty and skill with which the painting was executed,\r\nand the impact that Tintoretto had on the history and art of the\r\nrenaissance, this piece is of invaluable importance and should\r\nabsolutely be preserved for the future.\r\n\r\n_______________Works Cited_______________\r\n\r\nHahn, Robert. \"Motion, energy, and revelation: Tintoretto\'s Last\r\nSuppers.\" TriQuarterly 126 (2006): 200+. Literature Resource Center.\r\nWeb. 9 Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\n\"Renaissance art and architecture.\" Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,\r\n6th Edition (2010): 1. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\n\"Tintoretto.\" Hutchinson\'s Biography Database (2011): 1. MAS Ultra -\r\nSchool Edition. EBSCO. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\nBoucquey, Thierry, gen. ed. \"humanism in the Renaissance.\"\r\nEncyclopedia of World Writers, 14th through 18th Centuries. New York:\r\nFacts On File, Inc., 2005. Bloom\'s Literary Reference Online. Facts On\r\nFile, Inc. 9. Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\n\"Mannerism.\" Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2010): 1.\r\nMAS Ultra - School Edition. EBSCO. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\nHarper, George Mills. W. B. Yeats and W. T. Horton: A Record of an\r\nOccult Friendship; Horton, W. T. A Book of Images; Yeats, W. B. The\r\nCollected Letters of W. B. Yeats (vols. 2–3), Essays and\r\nIntroductions.\r\n\r\nHeims, Neil. \"Blake, William.\" In Bloom, Harold, ed. William Blake,\r\nBloom\'s BioCritiques. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishing, 2005.\r\nBloom\'s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc.\r\n\r\nHahn, Robert. \"Tintoretto and the Truths of Incoherence.\" Raritan 26.4\r\n(2007): 125-150. World History Collection. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.','The Last Supper by Tintoretto','','inherit','open','open','','1843-revision-5','','','2011-10-11 08:14:46','2011-10-11 14:14:46','',1843,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1873',0,'revision','',0),(1874,1,'2011-10-10 18:54:07','2011-10-11 00:54:07','[caption id=\"attachment_1774\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"157\" caption=\"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) http://www.biographyonline.net/music/mozart.html\"]<a href=\"http://www.biographyonline.net/music/mozart.html\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-1774  \" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Mozart1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"157\" height=\"205\" /></a>[/caption]\r\n\r\nIf Ludwig van Beethoven were alive today he would be mounting a formidable effort to request a prestigious spot in the Classical Music Hall of Fame at the Royal College of Music, for Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791). Many details about the genesis of <em>Eine Kleine Nachtmusik</em> are still a mystery but the fact remains that this piece is the most well-known of Mozart\'s 640+ works. Mozart\'s acclaimed composition created the foundation of classical music in Vienna and is the fundamental reason why Mozart deserves a coveted place in the Classical Music Hall of Fame [Einstein].<!--more-->\r\n\r\nIn 1787, when <em>Eine Kleine Nachtmusik\'s</em> (German translation, \"a little night music\" or \"a little serenade\") was composed, the world was experiencing growing pains due to international commerce, a rising middle class, political upheaval, changes in the Church, and civil unrest. These difficulties washed over Europe and the Americas. The Spanish and Austrian Succession, Seven Years War, American and French Revolutions created a groundswell of democracy and the emergence of an increasingly independent and powerful middle class. This fact, when coupled with the Industrial Revolution, brought about a style of music that abandoned the grandiosity and ornamentation of the Baroque family of styles and, instead, focused on simplistic harmonies and subtle textures. This new style was a direct representation of the ascent of the middle class and the crumbling of the aristocracy [Siepmann].\r\n\r\n<em>Eine Kleine Nachtmusik</em> encapsulates the Classical-style because it is a sonata and contains a clearer and more symmetrical expression of emotions. When listening to this music, it feels effortless as if you are drifting or dreaming. When I listened to the piece for the first time I felt at peace. One does not feel as if one needs to<em> do</em> <em>anything</em> except enjoy the flow of the symphony. The economical use of four or five chords and two or three short themes evokes a distinctive departure from previous pretentious styles, like Baroque, and most musical historians believe that this element has roots in the affluent middle-class that was beginning to commission such works for special occasions [Siepmann].\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1792\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"192\" caption=\"Statue of Boccherini in Pisa, Italy http://tinyurl.com/3kd6r2g\"]<a href=\"http://tinyurl.com/3kd6r2g\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-1792\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Boccherini.bmp\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"173\" /></a>[/caption]\r\n\r\nFor example, Luigi Boccherini\'s <em>Minuetto</em> is a perfect example of Baroque-style that the aristocracy adored. It is opulent, ornate and pompous. It was created to impress aristocratic listeners. It is almost impossible to listen to Boccherini\'s piece without tapping your foot or being overwhelmed by the urge to dance or skip around. I am not really sure if this is what Boccerini had in mind but that is my impression. At the time it must have been heart-pounding and impressive.\r\n\r\nClick on the following link to listen to Boccherini\'s <em>Minuetto</em>:\r\n<a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSE15tLBdso\">Luigi Boccherini\\\'s Minuetto </a>\r\n\r\nMozart created <em>Eine Kleine Nachtmusik</em> to cater to the newly affluent middle-class in a way that was elegant, respectful, and tasteful, but definitely not pompous and ornate. His composition was straightforward and melodic. It soothed the audience. It seems worlds apart when compared to Boccherini\'s Baroque-style compositions of just a couple of years prior. According to Stanley Sadie, \"Mozart\'s string chamber music is more concerned with sensuous beauty of harmony or texture. The new possibilities of symmetry clearly attracted him. Mozart\'s longest four-movement chamber work is generously proportioned in every particular, with spacious, harmonically slow-moving themes and broad structural spans.\"\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1821\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"211\" caption=\"Mozart&#039;s Eine Kleine Nachtmusik - 4th Movement - http://tinyurl.com/3sevo8b\"]<a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Romananza3.png\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-1821 \" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Romananza3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"211\" height=\"212\" /></a>[/caption]\r\n\r\nClick on the following link to listen to Mozart\'s <em>Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Romananza</em>, fourth movement:\r\n<a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Okl6WSDfLE\">Mozart\'s Eine Kleine Nachtmusik - Romananza</a>\r\n\r\nThe structure of <em>Eine Kleine Nachtmusik\'s</em> four movements was innovative and original because, according to Siepmann, \"It is overwhelmingly these [four movements] that have ensured Mozart\'s immortality as a symphonist. In their perfection of form, variety of character, individuality of tone and emotional and spiritual reach, they are like nothing written before them, not even by Haydn.\" He goes on to say that, for the first time in musical history, Mozart \"liberated the wind instruments.\"\r\n\r\nWhen this composition was written Mozart was 31 years old, but it was first published posthumously in 1827. Although it is not known who commissioned the piece, it is thought to have originally contained five movements, one of which has been lost forever. Whether the fifth movement was stolen by a music rival or simply destroyed by Mozart will never be known [Einstein].\r\n\r\nWhen compared to Haydn\'s <em>Surprise II</em>, Symphony No. 94 in G Major, published in 1791, Mozart\'s compositions show quite a bit more restraint and less aggressive transitions. Although the melodic elements are very similar, Haydn seems to focus on startling (or \"surprising\") his audience, as evidenced by the fortissimo chord at the end of the lovely, and almost mesmerizing, opening theme of the second movement.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1823\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"270\" caption=\"Sample CD Cover Haydn&#039;s &quot;Surprise&quot; http://tinyurl.com/3nzbs5v\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-1823 \" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Surprise1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"270\" height=\"280\" />[/caption]\r\n\r\nClick on the following link to listen (be prepared for the \"surprise\" chord) to Haydn\'s Surprise II, Symphony No. 94 in G Major:\r\n<a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLjwkamp3lI\">Haydn\\\'s Surprise II, Symphony No. 94 in G Major</a>\r\n\r\nWhen <em>Eine Kleine Nachtmusik</em> was composed Mozart was surrounded by deep emotional turmoil. The changing relationship between the Church and the aristocracy was directly affecting him especially since Emperor Joseph II had banned \"loud\" church music (Mozart\'s bread and butter)[Keefe]. He lost two children that year and had met a new student that showed great promise, the sixteen-year-old Ludwig van Beethoven. Mozart was appointed to the Kammer Musik as its sole composer and this left only two composers at Court, Mozart and Antonio Salieri [Keefe]. Mozart had been living beyond his means and had been suffering from great financial losses for years. He viewed his appointment as a new start professionally. Salieri and Mozart quickly became musical rivals and stories have long been told about the circumstances of Mozart\'s death which occurred just four years after his appointment to the Kammer Musik. If the stories are true, and Salieri did poison Mozart, then Salieri did not get the result he desired. After Mozart\'s death his music soared in popularity [Sadie].\r\n\r\nEven though Mozart was appointed a rather prestigious post in the Italian Court, his pay was minimal, and his ability to sway the fickle public ran hot and cold. He was commissioned to write pieces for wealthy middle-class families and his work was generally well-liked at the time; however, he was seen as just another composer among many. Most of his professional success was never realized until after his death, in 1791, at the young age of thirty-five. Since it is not known who commissioned this piece and because it was not published until 36 years after his death, it is believed that very few people had knowledge of or ever heard the composition performed live by Mozart [Sadie].\r\n\r\nToday, when conducting an Internet search of Mozart\'s <em>Eine Kleine Nachtmusik</em>, I found 1.8 million sites related to this one specific work. It has been played by well-known symphony orchestras throughout the world and it is chosen for hundreds of collections of top ten classical compositions. It is amazing to me that Mozart\'s \"throw away\" symphony may have been lost forever and never played or published. Mozart did not seem to value this piece since he did not ever perform it publicly and never delivered it to whomever commissioned the work. It was found amongst a pile of unpublished works that his wife eventually sold after his death. Fiero states, \"Mozart achieved a balance between lyrical invention and formal clarity that brought the classical style to its peak.\"\r\n\r\nI completely agree with Fiero and feel that although this composer made little money during his lifetime and never received accolades befitting his talent while he was alive, he would certainly deserve a spot in the Classical Music Hall of Fame, if there was one. Future generations could benefit from his example of spending your life doing what you love even if you don\'t make much money. He was a prodigy (first public performance at Salzburg University in 1761 at age of five. [Sadie]) and grew in to an astounding musical talent that many say was never fully realized. Mozart kept striving for more and succumbed to the pressures of trying to fit in and \"keep up with the Jonses\" so he did not leave much for his family upon his unexpected  death. If nothing else, this is an example that we should all do what we love when we chose a career and enjoy every minute of the life we have.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nWORKS CITED\r\nEINSTEIN, Alfred., Mozart: His Character, His Work. Oxford University Press, New York, 1945, p144; p157-159; This is a Biography by a famed scholar of Mozart and I used it to research the simplistic composition of <em>Eine Kleine Nachtmusik</em> and the limited number of keys Mozart selected.\r\n\r\nSIEPMANN, Jeremy., Mozart: His Life &amp; Music, Sourcebooks Media Fusion, Naperville, Illinois, 2006, p163-167; p169-171; This is an audio-Biography that I used to research how this piece was innovative or unusual for its time.\r\n\r\nKEEFE, Simon., The Cambridge Companion to Mozart, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2003, p xii-xvii; This is a textbook from college-level courses on Mozart and I used it to research the chronology of Mozart\'s life and learn about the events occurring in his life at the time he composed <em>Eine Kleine Nachtmusik</em>. I also researched his appointment to the Kammer Musik in this book.\r\n\r\nSADIE, Stanley., The New Grove: Mozart, Norton, New York, 1980, p108-115; This is a Dictionary of Music and Musicians that I used to research Mozart\'s life and associations in Vienna during the years of 1785 to 1788.\r\n\r\nFIERO, Gloria., The Humanist Tradition, Volume Two, Chapter 26, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2011. Accessed online version, pages unknown; Date accessed October 2-7, 2011. This is a college-level course textbook that I used to learn about Mozart\'s connection to Haydn and different elements that he brought to Classically-styled music.','Mozart in the Hall of Fame?','','inherit','open','open','','1749-revision-22','','','2011-10-10 18:54:07','2011-10-11 00:54:07','',1749,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1874',0,'revision','',0),(1875,1,'2011-10-11 08:16:42','2011-10-11 14:16:42','[caption id=\"attachment_1850\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\" caption=\"Hell&#39;s Kitchen presents The Last Supper!\"]<a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/hells-kitchen-logo.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1850\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/hells-kitchen-logo-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" /></a>[/caption]\r\n\r\nOver the course of his illustrious career, Tintoretto painted\r\nexactly eight versions of the famous Last Supper, the first one in\r\n1547, while the last painting was begun in 1591 and finished in 1594,\r\nthe same year that Tintoretto died. The bulk of these paintings may\r\nstill be viewed today, as all but a single one remain in Venice.\r\nAlmost everyone the world over is familiar with the imagery of the\r\nlast supper, where Jesus and his apostles are sharing the last meal\r\nthat they will have together. Judas plots the demise of his master,\r\nwhile Jesus instructs his followers to eat of his flesh and drink of\r\nhis blood while offering bread and wine for the rite of\r\ntransubstantiation. <!--more-->Tintoretto painted during the burgeoning\r\nrenaissance, and was even apprenticed to the great master Titian, who\r\nre-invented the nude as an art form with his work \'The Venice of\r\nUrbino\', which is still heralded even today as a timeless piece. \"The\r\ncentury that began with Bellini and Giorgione is [closing]. Titian,\r\nthe colossus, has long been buried in the church of the Frari, and\r\nVeronese, the last legitimate competitor, has been dead for three\r\nyears; thus Tintoretto, thanks not only to talent, ambition, and\r\nprodigious energy, but to the brute facts of attrition and survival,\r\nfinds himself in the role of Venice\'s leading artist” (Hahn 200).\r\nTintoretto’s Last Supper should without any doubt be preserved just\r\nfor the legacy that Tintoretto left, but also because his obsession\r\nwith this particular image and the fact that he continued to work on\r\nit over the course of his entire career suggests that the artist was\r\nespecially close to the story and ideas behind the Last Supper.\r\n\r\nIt takes almost no skill or knowledge to equate the intense\r\nreligious message portrayed in The Last Supper with classical art.\r\nPractically everyone is familiar in one way or another with Leonardo\r\nDa Vinci\'s painting of the subject, which is still just as eagerly\r\ndeciphered for its symbology today as his other immortal work, the\r\nMona Lisa. In the subject matter Tintoretto selected, he was very much\r\nfollowing the fad of the times, since historical works of art as well\r\nas those containing religious or mythological subject matter were in\r\nthe highest of demand. One of Tintoretto\'s peers, the sculptor\r\nDonatello, portrayed the biblical story of Judith and Holofernes as\r\none of his works. Michelangelo sculpted the David that still rivets\r\nour imagination even today. According to the Italian style of\r\npainting, Tintoretto\'s images are carefully composed, with painstaking\r\nattention paid to the details of the arrangement, and the mathematical\r\nproportions of each figure in relation to the room. Humanism was a\r\nprevalent school of thought at the time, defined as any viewpoint that\r\nis human-centered. \"Second-generation humanists felt it their duty to\r\nactively contribute to civic life, resurrecting the classical age\'s\r\nrepublican ideals along with its literary sensibilities. At the same\r\ntime, artists showed a new interest in realistic representations of\r\nthe human body, as seen in the works of Michelangelo. Humanistic\r\nvalues spread rapidly among the elite, including women scholars like\r\nAlessandra Scala and Isotta Nogarola” (Boucquey).\r\n\r\nIt is only in his technique that Tintoretto towers above his\r\ncontemporaries. Although the act of setting up a miniature model to\r\nhelp guide an artist through properly translating the image they\r\ndesire was not unheard of, it is this practice which gave Tintoretto\r\nthe ability to create such life-like detail in his paintings. \"The\r\ncharacteristic qualities of his works—a wonderfully dramatic sense of\r\nmovement, space, and lighting—were in part aided by his use of small\r\nwax models which he grouped inside a box to create a stage-like\r\nsetting, changing the figures, lighting, and setting to explore\r\ndifferent effects” ( Hutchinson ). Among the artists who used this\r\nparticular method of preparing their paintings, Tintoretto was\r\nconsidered possibly the most brilliant of them all, and was capable of\r\nextracting amazing detail. Tintoretto was also among those who used\r\nmannerism to break away from the traditional style of the time.\r\n\"Mannerism [was] a style in art and architecture (c.1520–1600),\r\noriginating in Italy as a reaction against the equilibrium of form and\r\nproportions characteristic of the High Renaissance. Mannerists devised\r\ncompositions in which they deliberately confused scale and spatial\r\nrelationships between figures, crowding them into the picture plane.\r\nOften strange tunnel-like spaces were created, as in the works of\r\nTintoretto and El Greco. Lighting became harsh, and coloring tended to\r\nbe acrimonious. The mannerists devised sophisticated and obscure\r\nallegories” (Mannerism).\r\n\r\nEven though there are those who look down at Tintoretto for\r\nchoosing to work in the mannerist style, as well as those who would\r\nlike to claim that the works of Titian eclipse Tintoretto, whom was at\r\nodds with his former mentor, there is no denying that Tintoretto was\r\nacknowledged for his greatness practically within his lifetime. Only a\r\nfew decades after Tintoretto\'s death at the turn of the century,\r\nWilliam Blake was partial to Tintoretto\'s paintings and made a point\r\nto study them along with the works of masters like Michelangelo and\r\nDonatello. \"Although he adhered to tempera, Blake had seen and been\r\nmoved by exhibitions of European oils including works by...Titian,\r\nMichelangelo, and Tintoretto at several London galleries, and his work\r\nshowed their painterly influence, especially in his use of\r\nperspective” (Heims). A century after that Yeats had glowing words of\r\npraise for Tintoretto, even though he uses a work by Tintoretto to\r\nshow how an image can never tell a story as fully as words. Yeats\r\nillustrates his point with Tintoretto\'s painting Origin of the Milky\r\nWay (ca. 1577): \"A hundred generations might write out what seemed the\r\nmeaning of the one, and they would write different meanings, for no\r\nsymbol tells all its meaning to any generation; but when you have\r\nsaid, \'That woman there is Juno, and the milk out of her breast is\r\nmaking the Milky Way,\' you have told the meaning of the other, and the\r\nfine painting, which has added so much irrelevant beauty, has not told\r\nit better” (qtd in Harper).\r\n\r\nMore modern reviews of Tintoretto’s work seem to have equally\r\nkind words, remarking that,\"The style is spontaneous, and the\r\norganization seems no less inspired. More intuitive Italian rational,\r\nmore interested in motion and impact than order and logic, his designs\r\naim to immerse us in their actions, involving us psychologically and\r\nviscerally” (Hahn). In a rare example of coherency throughout the\r\nages, the works of this particular artist seem to be found as\r\ninspiring and entrancing now as they were during the years shortly\r\nafter his career ended. It is probably a monument to the way\r\nTintoretto broke away from the conventional style of the renaissance\r\nby taking part in the mannerist movement that his works stand so far\r\napart from those that are considered masters of the time while still\r\nbeing considered masterful in their own right.\r\n\r\nWhen I saw this piece I fell immediately in love with the\r\nintricately rendered details and the way that Tintoretto has invited\r\nus into the same space that Jesus occupies. The apostles and their\r\nmaster sit at a table that seems to recede back into the shadowy room\r\nof a simple inn. Servants go about their business in the foreground,\r\nand the meal appears to be winding to a close. A single candle\r\nilluminates the room, with the ghostly suggestion of angels projecting\r\nfrom the flame to represent the presence of the holy ghost. Compared\r\nto the usual paintings of the renaissance, Tintoretto’s style seems\r\nmore moving and realistic, as if he wanted to draw the viewer in with\r\nthe believability of the scene, then keep them there with all the\r\nsubtle iconography. There are a myriad of tiny details to engage the\r\neye, from the cat peeking into the tub of water that a servant girl\r\nleans over, to the angels that seem to fade into the background,\r\nemerging from the dusky woodwork.\r\n\r\nIn order to compare the Last Supper by Tintoretto with another\r\nwork of its time, there is only one piece that can be chosen. The Last\r\nSupper by Leonardo Da Vinci is the obvious choice, although it almost\r\ndoesn’t seem fair to hold the rather plain fresco alongside\r\nTintoretto’s brilliantly rendered oil painting. Because these are both\r\nimages of the Last Supper parable, the best place for comparison would\r\nbe the actual representation of the story. Leonardo does a better job\r\nof translating through arrangement and hidden iconography the spirit\r\nof the story, while it is almost difficult to decipher what Tintoretto\r\nis seeking to portray, because he has made Jesus and his followers\r\nseem so human. However, the very humanity that Tintoretto has placed\r\ninto his painting is what makes it speak to the viewer. Certainly in\r\nthe sense of style and skill, Tintoretto has outclassed Leonardo.\r\nLooking at Leonardo’s Last Supper, the image seems flat and almost\r\nsimplistic. There is less attention paid to the special proportions,\r\nso while there is some recession of the room where Jesus and his\r\nfollowers are feasting, the proportion seems uninteresting and does\r\nnot invite the eye to wander past the table and the men seated at it.\r\nCertainly there are some strange and mysterious theories floating\r\naround about the Leonardo copy, and what the artist was trying to say\r\nwith his arrangement, while Tintoretto’s version is more straight\r\nforward and easier to decipher. However, if mystery is what makes a\r\npiece of art great, then there is a monumental mystery in Tintoretto’s\r\ndecision not to specify Judas out of the apostles. There is no way to\r\nspecifically pinpoint which man is Judas, while in the Leonardo\r\nfresco, each member of the dinner party has been identified.\r\n\r\nNot only was Tintoretto an amazingly talented artist, he was also\r\na very prolific artist, painting somewhere around five hundred images\r\nover the course of his life. This may not be as surprising knowing\r\nthat he did eight different versions of the Last Supper alone. Because\r\nthe breadth and body of his work is so great, selecting a specific\r\nwork to represent his skill is difficult. From the eight versions of\r\nthe Last Supper it is clear that Tintoretto himself was fascinated\r\nwith this story, and indeed, the story is what makes it such an\r\nobvious choice to be preserved. For anyone not familiar with the\r\nbackground of the Last Supper, it was the Passover meal during which\r\nJesus performed the right of transubstantiation – giving his followers\r\nbread and wine which was then ‘transubstantiated’ into the body and\r\nblood of Christ, allowing his followers to take in his spirit and\r\npower – before being betrayed by Judas and taken to be crucified. The\r\nLast Supper is the beginning of one of the world’s oldest tales of\r\nbetrayal, but where Leonardo chose to emphasis that aspect, making it\r\nclear who each individual in his painting is, Tintoretto has chosen to\r\nfocus instead on the fellowship of the Passover without hinting at the\r\ngreat betrayal that is about to take place. For the religious\r\novertones, the beauty and skill with which the painting was executed,\r\nand the impact that Tintoretto had on the history and art of the\r\nrenaissance, this piece is of invaluable importance and should\r\nabsolutely be preserved for the future.\r\n\r\n_______________Works Cited_______________\r\n\r\nHahn, Robert. \"Motion, energy, and revelation: Tintoretto\'s Last\r\nSuppers.\" TriQuarterly 126 (2006): 200+. Literature Resource Center.\r\nWeb. 9 Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\n\"Renaissance art and architecture.\" Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,\r\n6th Edition (2010): 1. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\n\"Tintoretto.\" Hutchinson\'s Biography Database (2011): 1. MAS Ultra -\r\nSchool Edition. EBSCO. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\nBoucquey, Thierry, gen. ed. \"humanism in the Renaissance.\"\r\nEncyclopedia of World Writers, 14th through 18th Centuries. New York:\r\nFacts On File, Inc., 2005. Bloom\'s Literary Reference Online. Facts On\r\nFile, Inc. 9. Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\n\"Mannerism.\" Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2010): 1.\r\nMAS Ultra - School Edition. EBSCO. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.\r\n\r\nHarper, George Mills. W. B. Yeats and W. T. Horton: A Record of an\r\nOccult Friendship; Horton, W. T. A Book of Images; Yeats, W. B. The\r\nCollected Letters of W. B. Yeats (vols. 2–3), Essays and\r\nIntroductions.\r\n\r\nHeims, Neil. \"Blake, William.\" In Bloom, Harold, ed. William Blake,\r\nBloom\'s BioCritiques. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishing, 2005.\r\nBloom\'s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc.\r\n\r\nHahn, Robert. \"Tintoretto and the Truths of Incoherence.\" Raritan 26.4\r\n(2007): 125-150. World History Collection. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.','The Last Supper by Tintoretto','','inherit','open','open','','1843-revision-6','','','2011-10-11 08:16:42','2011-10-11 14:16:42','',1843,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1875',0,'revision','',0),(1876,1,'2011-10-10 16:11:59','2011-10-10 22:11:59','&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[gallery]\r\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Zijin Cheng - A Terrestrial Connection to Something More</span></span></p>\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> The many dynasties and cultures of China have provided the world with countless artifacts and works of art that deserve our admiration and respect. Among these, however, one stands tallest, not just in height, but as a representation of Chinese history and culture. Constructed between 1406 and 1420, The Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties, located in the Forbidden City is a massive endeavor that in many ways shaped the way we view those cultures and histories now. This palace is a feat of architecture that needs to be preserved for future generations to appreciate, as it is one of the best insights into Chinese art, life, culture and history that has ever been produced.<!--more--></span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Literally translated as “Purple Forbidden City” from the Chinese Zijin Cheng, the walled off area served as the terrestrial home of the Emperor, who was believed to be of Celestial origin (Beijing Attractions). In this city was the specific palace where the Emperor resided. It is interesting to note that the idea of the city being forbidden was relating to the concept that no one could enter or leave the city without the Emperor\'s express permission. </span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Upon its initial establishment, under the reign of Zhu Di, The Forbidden City relocated the capital of the empire back to Beijing. The construction was a massive endeavor requiring over a million works of all types and lasted just over 15 years. From this point, it served at the political capital for those in charge of the country until 1912, when the last Emperor of China was abdicated. Over the next 13 years, Puyi, the abdicated Emperor, remained in the inner city, and the outer court was given to the public. In 1925, after a coup, the Palace Museum was created of the Forbidden City (UNESCO). Countless works of art and history had been preserved in the city for ages, and would continue to be stored and protected there, even through various occupations and damages to the city itself. One of the best facts I was able to grab that just gave the scope of the lasting power of the palace was that “</span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">the Forbidden City was the imperial home of 24 emperors of the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties” (Architecture) .</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> One of they key elements to the city being preserved for so long was it\'s initial construction. The walls reach nearly 10 meters high, spanning a circumference 3,430 meters(Architecture) . Each corner plays host to a magnificent watchtower. Each wall was crafted with a technique of “rammed earth” core. This was essentially a triple layered wall with custom bricks on both sides filled with mortar. The towers, two in the outer court and two in the inner were representations of ancient lore and recreations of older pavilions. The remaining inner area then played host to “90 palaces and courtyards, 980 buildings and 8704 rooms” (Beijing Attractions). All of this was also done in such a way that it would be aligned with a central axis of Beijing, tying it indefinitely to the world and the terrestrial realm. </span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Initially when looking at the palace, aside from it\'s awe-inspiring span, it feels very representative of the time and culture. Like the palaces of dynasties past, it maintains the inner and outer court format. As stated previously, some aspects of the construction even drew upon the older palaces and pavilions, such as the Yellow Crane Pavilion. It held true to many of the construction standards, with symbolism specifically. Many yellow tones were used, to show the significance of the Emperor and his divine origins. Each hall is arranged in groups of three, a triagram depicting Heaven (Architecture). We also see many of the decorations adhering to a similar standard, with imagery such as dragons and phoenixes and maintaining specific numbering patterns important to the religious beliefs of the time (UNESCO). If we look at the Ming Dynasty Tombs, we can see much of the same imagery and deification of specific numbering patterns as well.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Where we begin to see a divergence from the norm is actually in how much of the workforce\'s culture made it into the Forbidden City. While most jobs of this nature, including this one to an extent, were fueled by slave labor, the construction of Zijin Cheng was primarily utilizing the local citizens of Beijing. Between being directly focused on improving their own presence in the city, many of these citizens were also able to create thriving livelihoods because of the new capital area. This shift in labor forces led the construction to take on new elements. Instead of containing exclusively religious iconography from a central belief system, multiple religions were represented in the décor and art. Eventually, in 1644, shamanism actually gained a much larger representation in the palace, though elements of it had been present from its origins (Imperial Palaces). That stands in direct opposition to other construction projects of the era, even within the Ming and Qing dynasties. Take for instance the previous capital of Nanjing. Many of the buildings are basic stone, lacking large amounts of detail or iconography past the basics. </span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> The people of China, and Beijing in particular almost immediately accepted the relocation of the capital. Between the refocus of political power and the beauty of Zijin Cheng, it was an immediate success. It became a center for politics, learning and art. Even though it was not a museum, tons of art was stored there and the people understood that it was for the protection and preservation. Also by choosing to align the palace with the central axis of Beijing, it was tied to the city and the population of Beijing saw that to tie it to them directly as well.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> We see much of that same reaction in this day and age. Though with the scope of all history to judge, we can also see more. We can see The Forbidden City as much more than just a palace and home of the divine. We can see it as the culmination of thousands of years of culture, religion, technology and advancement of Chinese culture. </span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Zijin Cheng also acts as a tourist hub for northern China. To this day, people flock from across the world to experience the inspiring nature of the palace. It could definitely be assumed that the establishment of the museum is representative of today\'s view of the city. Still today we can appreciate the massive endeavor that was the construction. A 15 year time frame, in the 1400 is an amazing feat, especially considering that the structure is still standing. </span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">For cultural hubs and bastions of culture and information about a people, it is hard to find an equal of the Forbidden City. We actually have one readily accessible to us however, though its construction came long after the fact. Built between 1847 to 1855, in Washington D.C. the Smithsonian\'s central building, also known as \"The Castle\" stands today as a symbol of American innovation, ingenuity and culture. While this was a much smaller scale project that Zijing Cheng, it represents many of the same goals. Zijin Cheng was a house for an emperor, and designed drawing from the past of their own culture. The Smithsonian Castle was designed drawing from other cultures, in a more Gothic style (GoSmithsonian). Instead of having a central and ancient culture to draw from, the architects had to look to other cultures. </span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Construction wise, we see the division between how these two projects unified a culture. Zijin Cheng was glorious in the way that it called upon the locale to help build and lend its voice. The Smithsonian Castle, while representing a culture, used an incredibly small representation of that culture to construct it. This says more about the societies and times these were constructed in than anything else, but it is definitely worth a consideration. The Forbidden City also has infinitely more symbolism and religious representation in the actual buildings and construction. By containing the symbols and construction techniques dictated by a faith and commitment to a world beyond, there is an added beauty, though it was not an intent. The Castle on the other side of the same coin, was intentionally devoid of symbols and iconography. It was instead carefully selected what bricks would be used for aesthetic purposes. Much of this also lies in necessity and how that was determined and valued by the cultures at the time. The Chinese Dynasties sought more importance out of the Celestial realm and its representation, where as the Americans had more value in the importance of ease and innovation.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Now, this may seem like these two projects have more differences that similarities at this point, but the similarities they have hold a great deal of significance. These similarities are representative of a deep level of humanity I feel. Both the Forbidden City and the Smithsonian Castle hold a great degree of significance in numbers. Where we see threes and fives traditional to Chinese religion, The Castle holds fours and twos, which are numbers central to Christianity and those traditions. Now it may not have been the intent to include those numbers religiously, but they were deeply embedded into the culture. The two are also aligned in what initially appears as a random way, but upon further investigation, we can see their true axis. The Castle was centered so it could act as a focal point, which was also the idea behind constructing something so large and important as Zijin Cheng. The Forbidden City was set up strangely on its axis with Beijing, but that served to make it a perfect capital and point of pride for the city. Both structures also hold a great degree of importance in towers. Towers are man\'s way of being able to watch over their kingdom and protect what has been created. And of course, the two also have housed important and great art since their completion and now both function as museums.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Researching Zijin Cheng and learning about everything it holds actually felt rather overwhelming at times. I can only hope that mirrored even a slight bit what someone must feel when standing in the courtyards and gazing upon the palace and buildings. This entire Forbidden City is one of the largest and most important symbols of Chinese culture and the vast history that made up centuries. The entire time writing this proposal, I was astounded that this massive enterprise was complete and functioning before the Americas had even been discovered by the rest of the world, it was rather humbling. I truly hope that this Palace can be preserved for future generations to experience the history it holds.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\">The Forbidden City holds some of the greatest treasures of Chinese art and culture that the world will ever have. It is one of the most important museums that has ever been established, and to this day they continue to locate and uncover new pieces that were not previously catalogged. As a bastion for Chinese representation of culture and history this place must be preserved, but it steps even further than that. Zijin Cheng is a massive endeavor representative of the power, timelessness and unflinching nature of those who built it, occupied it and revere it. The innovations in architecture an d shift towards a structure for the people by the people are one of the best examples of society progressing and creating something that can last for hundreds of years on its own strength.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\">Works Cited</span></span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Elliott, Jeannette Shambaugh, and David L. Shambaugh. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>The Odyssey of China\'s Imperial Art Treasures</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Seattle: University of Washington, 2005. Print.</span></span></span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">A good base to get a pretty broad picture of Chinese Art and Architecture. I used it to get a feel for what was natural and common to the era.</span></span></span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"The Forbidden City.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>Chinese Culture</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa121297.htm\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa121297.htm</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">A brief history of the city along with some more detailed descriptions of specific structures. I was able to take some of this info to look into other structures for comparison.</span></span></span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Forbidden City in Beijing China - Architecture in the Forbidden City in Beijing.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>Architecture and House Styles and Building Design</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Web. 05 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://architecture.about.com/od/asiasouthasia/ig/Ancient-Beijing/Forbidden-City.htm\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://architecture.about.com/od/asiasouthasia/ig/Ancient-Beijing/Forbidden-City.htm</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Some quick and easy facts, mainly used to catalog the varying structures. Very useful as a tool for comparison.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Forbidden City, The Forbidden City in Beijing, The Forbidden City in China</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Arial Unicode MS\'\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">， </span></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Beijing Attractions.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>China Travel, China Travel Agency, China Tours, Yangtze River Cruise</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Web. 05 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">A travel guide ranking spots in China. Incredibly useful for historical information. I got much of history and background from this site, as well as a lot of the religious info.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Imperial China: The Art of the Horse.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>Kentucky Educational Television: Explore Kentucky. Explore the World.</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Web. 07 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://www.ket.org/artofthehorse/\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://www.ket.org/artofthehorse/</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Another great catalog of art of China. Gave me a great perspective of how important symbolism was and how rooted it was in culture.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>China.org.cn - China News, Weather, Business, Travel &amp; Language Courses</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Shenyang Imperial Palace Management Office. Web. 06 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/74855.htm\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/74855.htm</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Great site with lots of straight factual information. I used this is get a lot of the info about the decorations and iconography and the measurements.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. UNESCO. Web. 05 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/439\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/439</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">The UNESCO website, the people who established the Museum. Fantastic historical resource. I used this to get the info about construction and the population.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Smithsonian Institution Building The Castle, Washington DC Museums | GoSmithsonian.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>Smithsonian Museums, Exhibits, Washington DC Travel, Dining, Lodging | GoSmithsonian</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://www.gosmithsonian.com/museums/smithsonian-\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://www.gosmithsonian.com/museums/smithsonian-</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> institution-building-the-castle/&gt;. </span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\">The Smithsonian website, contains information about the institution and its history. This is where I grabbed my info for the Smithsonian specific comparison.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','Zijin Cheng -  A Terrestrial Connection to Something More','','inherit','open','open','','1810-revision-3','','','2011-10-10 16:11:59','2011-10-10 22:11:59','',1810,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1876',0,'revision','',0),(1877,42,'2011-10-09 19:03:59','2011-10-10 01:03:59','<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/a-sunny-day-in-spring-season_small-copy.jpg\"><img src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-includes/js/tinymce/plugins/wordpress/img/trans.gif\" alt=\"\" /><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/a-sunny-day-in-spring-season_small-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"288\" height=\"216\" /></a></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\">http://www.wallpapermenu.com/download/a-sunny-day-in-spring-season_11954_1024x768.html</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\">To listen to all three movements of Vivaldi’s<em> Spring</em> \"Allegro-Largo-Allegro\" from <em>The Four Seasons</em> and see a video inspired by the music, please click on the link below. It was filmed at the National Botanical Gardens of Wales. It features Julia Fischer on violin accompanied by the \"Academy of St. Martin in the Fields\".</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\">Enjoy!</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\"><a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&amp;v=aFHPRi0ZeXE&amp;NR=1\">http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&amp;v=aFHPRi0ZeXE&amp;NR=1</a></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\"><!--more--></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Antonio Vivaldi’s (1678-1741) <em>Four Seasons: Spring</em>  should be placed into the 2100 Time Capsule. The two reasons it should be saved are its \"ability to lift the heart of the listener\"(Grasmeier) and more importantly its power to calm the mind. These attributes, found in music of all cultures and times are magnified and condensed in Vivaldi’s <em>Spring</em>. We should preserve this work for these essential qualities. These qualities are desperately needed now and most surely will be needed in the future.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">\"The <em>Four Seasons </em>is a series of four concertos (Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter) each containing three movements, Allegro-Largo-Allegro which are the first part of a larger 12 concerto work entitled <em>The Contest of Harmony and Invention - Antonio Vivaldi’s 8th Opus</em>.\" (Grasmeier) \"The works were first published in Amsterdam in 1725, but were written a few years earlier.\"(Grasmeier) \"Each season is described in a sonnet that furnishes the program for the concerto. Although Vivaldi revelled in naive, if delightful imitations of bird calls,...he strictly maintained the formal structure (of the concerto)...and indulged in playful descriptions only in the solo sections. The program served at the time as a welcome pretext for virtuosity which Vivaldi expanded far above the level of his predecessors.\"(Bukofzer, 229)</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">\"Vivaldi intended this piece to be \"programmatic\" that is, (to) carry meaning outside of the music itself.\"(Fiero, 130) With <em>Four Seasons: Spring </em>Vivaldi achieved the apex of \"programmatic\" style. \"Programmatic refers to a composer consciously trying to represent something non-musical, like a story or image, in the composition. This type of composing is called ‘tone-painting’. The composition is a tone poem.\"(Bickerton) Vivaldi \"added poems, that he wrote himself, at appropriate passages of the score for the instruction of performers.\"(Fiero,130) A translation, from the Italian, for a portion of the poem for Spring follows.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\">The festive Spring has arrived,</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\">The birds celebrate her return with happy songs,</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\">And the brooks of the gentle Zephyrs,</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\">With sweet murmurs flow, but,</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\">The sky is covered in a dark mantle,</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\">And lightning and thunder announce a storm.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\">When quiet returns, the birds,</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\">Again take up their lovely songs.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">\"While humanist composers had no idea what Greek music sounded like, they sought to imitate the ancient unity of music and poetry.\"(Fiero, 57) Many baroque composers combined poetry and music by using choirs to do the poetry and small sets of instruments to accompany them. Vivaldi dispensed with the choir and made violins sing poetry. \"Vivaldi also systematized the concerto grosso into a three movement form (fast-slow-fast) and increased the distinctions between solo and ensemble groups.(Fiero, 130) In many ways Vivaldi defined the baroque style in music. <em>Spring </em>is a fantastic example of a baroque composition</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Typical of composers of his time period, Vivaldi \"composed 450 concerti for a variety of solo instruments backed by strings.\"(Vivaldi, X:474) The baroque era was a time \"when every composer including such giants as Bach, Handel, Hayden and Mozart, was expected to produce a constant stream of music.\"(Vivaldi, 19:494) People of those times \"went to the opera or to an ‘academy’ as public concerts were frequently called, in order to hear the latest.\" \"The average Venetian in Vivaldi’s day would not think of hearing last year’s opera again.\"(Pauly, 6) But, composers of this era’s \"ambitions\" were \"not to create a new style, but to perfect the style of their time.\"(Leichtentritt, 141) \"If there is any common thread that unites the great variety of music that we call baroque, then it is an underlying faith in music’s power, indeed its obligation, to move the affections.\"(Palisca, 4) Affections were a view \"propounded by Aristotle in his <em>Rhetoric</em>  that there exist discrete states known as fear, love, hate, anger, joy - to cite a few of these most common. From the last decades of the sixteenth century the arousal of the affections was considered the principal objective of poetry and music.\"(Palisca, 4) <em>Spring</em> is a supreme example and succeeds admirably in arousing our affections. When listening to <em>Spring,</em> the first allegre movement, one hears birds, brooks and storms. It raises the spirits and the emotions to a higher and happier state.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Vivaldi and his music were well known and loved in his own time. Because Vivaldi had red hair and he was an ordained priest of the Catholic church, his nickname was \"the Red Priest\".(Grasmeier) \"In 1703, he was ordained ...and from that year until 1740 he taught music at the Ospedale della Peita, an orphan asylum primarily for girls in Venice.\"(Vivaldi, 19:474) \"Much\" of his music \"was written for the Ospedale’s musical groups, which he directed in performances that became famous throughout Europe.\"(Vivaldi, 19:474) \"Instrumental solo music and concerted chamber music, - as in the violin concertos, sonatas and concerti grossi of Vivaldi...were so much preferred to symphonic orchestral music that not even in the nineteenth century did the symphony find a home in Italy.\"(Leichtentritt, 171) And no \"foreign visitor\" to Italy \"considered his stay complete without having attended a Vivaldi concert.\"(Vivaldi, 19:474) \"Travelers wrote of these occasions with enthusiasm not unmixed with amusement at the unusual spectacle of a choir and orchestra composed mainly of teenaged girls.\"(Grout, 483) Vivaldi managed to achieve fame in his own lifetime. His own virtuosity, and that of the girls he taught, were well known and loved.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">As the link to the Julia Fischer’s rendition attests, <em>The Four Seasons: Spring</em> is still played and recognized today. Even if you have never heard the name of it before, you will probably recognize the melody. It \"has been used frequently as background music in TV commercials, films, and even music on-hold.\" Italian violinist Fabio Biondi told an interviewer in March, 2011, Vivaldi’s <em>Four Seasons</em> and other concertos were \"very virtuosic\" Vivaldi \"was using them to investigate solutions for the bow and fingerings\" of violins. When you see the fingerings in Vivaldi’s manuscripts you \"discover how he uses different positions to search for different sounds. And this was 20 years before Leopold Mozart’s treatise on violin playing.\" \"Vivaldi was a master violinist and it is thought that he wrote the <em>Four Seasons</em> as a performance vehicle to showcase his own virtuosity. The violin part is quite challenging indeed even by today’s standards.\"(Bickerton) \"The addictive rhythmic vitality ...has led to its rebirth and great popularity amongst classical music lovers and the general public as well.\"(Todes) <em>Spring</em> \"has become arguably the most popular piece of classical music in the world with more performances and recordings than even Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony\"(Bickerton)</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">At the time when this music was being written, all of life and living seemed to be up for debate. Louis XIV was king of France. Oliver Cromwell, who was not royalty, became the Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. Isaac Newton wrote the <em>Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy</em>, which proved that the laws of the heavens were the same as the laws of earth.(Fincher) Every new idea seemed to be in conflict with some old idea. A gap was forming between secular and religious views. The Catholic Church was losing power and the Protestants were gaining power. Music was emerging from its strictly religious purposes and was being played for entertainment. It was still the responsibility of composers to lift the public consciousness, but there was also a growing awareness of music as a way of escape and adventure. We rely on music to bring up and express emotions. The value people place on music, throughout history, was no different in Vivaldi’s era. But, instead of music only performed for royalty or for church, music is now available to the masses. \"Musical training formed an important part\" in the education of young people.(Grout, 483) So, music appreciation was also growing. It is no different today. People enjoy the music they know most about and flock to concerts to hear it performed. Music became a \"weapon of the (Catholic) Counter Revolution.\" \"Small wonder then that the church was the major employer of musicians and, for the general population, the main point of access to ‘art’ music.\"(Sadie, 6) The winds of change were blowing and the evidence was everywhere. Though churches were still an important contact point for music, music was no longer confined by religion.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">A comparison with Handel’s <em>Messiah </em>would be appropriate. The <em>Messiah</em> was written by George Frideric Handel (1685-1756) and \"was performed for the first time in...1742. It received instant acclaim.\" Based on quotes from the Old and New Testament of the King James Bible, the <em>Messiah</em> is \"also Baroque in its style, which features vigorous contrasts of tempo and dynamics. Handel made use of word painting. For example, the music for the last word of the sentence, ‘All we, like sheep have gone astray’ consists of deliberately divergent melodic lines.\"(Fiero, 108)</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">When comparing <em>Spring</em> with the <em>Messiah,</em> many things become evident. <em>Spring </em>and the <em>Messiah</em> have many features in common, having been conceived in the same time period. Both make use of the baroque love of coloring their music to illustrate their ideas, in the same way that an artist might mix the right shade of blue to paint the color of a sky in the morning. Both have the baroque love of drama. For that drama Vivaldi used tone painting; sound effects produced by the violin incorporated into the melody. Handel used word painting; using instruments only to \"spotlight the poetry.\"(Fiero, 130) <em>Spring</em> has no accompanying choir. The <em>Messiah</em> is all about a huge, many-voiced choir. So, which one is superior?</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Freed from propagandist verbiage, Vivaldi’s <em>Spring</em> is superior, because it uses only the language of music. It is understood cross-culturally. Because it is divorced from blatant religiosity it works better to ease people into a spiritual mood. The Messiah is powerful. It brought even a king to his feet when it was first played. It is also religious propaganda in the extreme. The <em>Messiah</em> is emotionally closer to a John Philip Sousa march than to a spiritual, meditative experience. Vivaldi’s <em>Spring</em> evokes Nature in all her beauty and glory. The sounds, rather than words, speak to the heart rather than the brain. Spring allows the imagination to meditate on all that was good on our old earth and nurtures those emotions that are positive in individuals. <em>Spring</em> calms the soul<em>.</em><em> </em></p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">The above belief, that Vivaldi’s work has the power to calm the spirit, has been proven in a Newcastle nursing home and again at Marobe Home in Australia. \"Australian psychiatrist and musician Christian Heim led a study testing the effects of baroque music on fourteen dementia patients.\" Heim wrote that ,\"played at low volume , for four hours each evening,...studies have shown that such compositions produce alpha brain waves and a state of calm, relaxed alertness.\" \"The researchers found a 40% reduction in adverse behaviors that included...distraction...verbal abuse and agitation,\"(Rlotter, 19) Heim’s research proves that we need to make sure that we take <em>Spring</em> with us where ever we go. The peace that this music evokes will prove useful in any environment that we and our children find ourselves in.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Vivaldi’s <em>Spring </em>is the<em> </em> most admirable piece of music ever written. It has the ability to engage the imagination and lift the spirit. When the violins trill, you hear the birds sing. It sounds simple, but is deceptively complicated. \"The violin concertos of Vivaldi...abound in passages of extravagant virtuosity, difficult leaps, and surprising configurations; outbursts of fire and fury alternating with moments of intense lyricism.\"(Palisca, 3) John Grasmeier called Vivaldi’s <em>Four Seasons</em> \"a masterwork of a renowned baroque composer, (and) also one of the great masterworks in all of Western art.\" When people of differing cultures and attitudes hear it, <em>Spring</em> speaks to them. It sounds like Spring and calms human emotions. In an era that has become more divisive as time goes on, we need a piece of music that crosses cultural and political boundaries. This music can do that. Vivaldi’s <em>Spring</em> should be saved, and preserved. If it is included, <em>Spring</em> is sure to be as cherished by future generations as it is today. I hope that you will vote with me to include Antonio Vivaldi’s glorious <em>Four Seasons: Spring</em> in the 2100 Time Capsule. We will need it.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"CENTER\">Works Cited</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Bukofzer, Manfred F. <em>Music in the Baroque Era</em> New York: W.W. Norton and Company. 1947. Print.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Cannon, Beekman C., Alvin H. Johnson, and William G. Waite. <em>The Art of Music</em> New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1960. Print.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Fiero, Gloria K. <em>The Humanist Tradition: The Early Modern World to Present</em> Boston: McGraw Hill. 2011. Print.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Grasmeier, John <em>\"Vivaldi’s Four Seasons\"</em> Angelqueen.org. 2006. Web. 21 Sept. 2011.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Grout, Donald J. and Claude V. Palisca. <em>A History of Western Music</em> New York: W.W. Norton co., Inc. 1988. Print</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Kettle, David.<em> \"Early Wake Up\"</em> The Strad June 2011: 42-46 Print.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">\"Le Quattro Stagioni (The Four Seasons)\"</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Angelqueen.org.  2006. Web. 21 Sept. 2011</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Leichtentritt, Hugo <em>Music, History, and Ideas</em> Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973. Print.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Palisca, Claude V. <em>Baroque Music</em> Englewood Cliffs: Hitchcock, 1968. Print.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Pauly, Reinhard G. <em>Music in the Classic Period</em> Englewood Cliffs: Hitchcock, 1973. Print. Prentice- Hall History of Music Series. Ser. 4.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Rlotter, Jule. <em>Baroque Music and Dementia</em> Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients October 2004: 19-20 Print.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Sadie, Julie Ann, ed. <em>Companion to Baroque Music</em> Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Print.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">Todes, Ariana. <em>\"Recent discoveries are destroying cliches that we’ve held to for so long\"</em> The Strad March 2011: 62-66 Print.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">\"Vivaldi, Antonio\" <em>The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropaedia</em>. 15th ed. 1979. Print.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"LTR\" align=\"LEFT\">\"Vivaldi, Antonio\" <em>The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia.</em> 15th ed. 1979. Print.</p>\r\nBickerton, John <em>Royalty Free Classical Music: Vivaldi’s Four Seasons </em>UniqueTracks. 27 Sept. 2011. Web. 7 Oct. 2011.','Vivaldi\'s \"Four Seasons: Spring\"','','inherit','open','open','','1751-revision-9','','','2011-10-09 19:03:59','2011-10-10 01:03:59','',1751,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1877',0,'revision','',0),(1879,50,'2011-10-11 21:44:02','2011-10-12 03:44:02','&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/remanatomy.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1880\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/remanatomy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"441\" height=\"290\" /></a><a href=\"http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml\">http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml</a></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> </span>\r\n\r\nRembrandt (1606-1669) is considered to be “… one of the greatest storytellers in the history of art, possessing an exceptional ability to render people in their various moods and dramatic guises” (Britannica). Rembrandt was a true pioneer in the art form of painting creating masterful portraits of him and others whom he encountered. One of his most well known portraits is <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>(1632) and in this masterful painting, Rembrandt captures the image of one of the first anatomy lessons taught at the Amsterdam’s Surgeons Guild. <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>is a true testament to the brilliance of Rembrandt with his profound ability to use shade and light. The shading in the painting allows for Rembrandt to focus the attention of the painting to the faces of the students and the body of the cadaver. For the historical significance to be made from one of the first public anatomy lessons spurring from the time of renaissance in Europe, Rembrandts <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>should be preserved for future generations.<!--more-->\r\n\r\nRembrandt was of Dutch descent and is revered in the Dutch community as a fore founder of Dutch artwork, “In 17th-century Holland, group portraits were an immensely popular genre - they were a social institution, the symbol of an up-and-coming middle class.” (Masquelet) The Dutch are a proud people and “After thirty years of war to shake off the Spanish yoke, the seven northern provinces, including Holland, had gained their independence and established their right to trade freely.” (Masquelet) This was a time of great fortune for the Dutch people as trade with the West Indies became extremely lucrative for their economy. “In 1650, the annual yield of the shares in the two India Companies was 500%. Following their meteoric rise to fortune, the burghers of Amsterdam lived well, and loved to see their life reflected in art” (Masquelet).\r\n\r\nThe 1600s are associated with being the Baroque era, “Taken literally, the term means \"irregular\" and is applied generally to the dynamic and undisciplined artistic creativity of the seventeenth century”(HWI). Originating in Italy and spreading north throughout all of Europe the Dutch painters”… perfected their own characteristic style, which grew directly from their pride in political and commercial accomplishments and emphasized the beauty of local nature and the solidity of middle class life” (HWI). Rembrandt was head and shoulders above the rest of his Dutch counterparts as “… he produced works so universally human that they not only expressed Dutch cultural values but also transcended them.”(HWI)\r\n\r\nBefore Rembrandt became a world-renown painter, “From approximately 1620 to 1624/25, Rembrandt trained as an artist. As was quite common in his time, he had two masters in succession” (Britannica). Rembrandt was initially taught by Jacob van Swanenburgh (1571–1638) who “…was a specialist in architectural pieces and in scenes of hell and the underworld…”(Britannica). Thus leading scholars to believe this is where Rembrandt learned his great ability for the portrayal of light in his paintings.\r\nThe painting consists of Dr. Tulp conducting an anatomy lesson at the Amsterdam’s Surgeons guild with seven surgeons taking place in the lesson. At the time of the painting, the guild was only allowed one human dissection per year. The body being dissected was that of “A man called Aris Kindt [who] had been hanged for armed robbery” (Masquelet). The portrait depicts all of the characters in the lessons with all having different facial expressions. The ability for Rembrandt to bring out the expressions, mood, and attitudes of the scholars was very inventive at the time. The lesson itself is in question in the portrait as many have been led to believe that the lesson took place solely for the taking of the portrait. Stating that, “... Tulp wanted to show a phenomenon of particular interest to him, without going through all the usual stages of a teaching dissection” (Masquelet). This is also a phenomenon with the painting as no dissecting tools are shown, nor is the actual coroner pictured in the portrait either.\r\n\r\nRembrandt’s painting was extremely unique at its time, as the subject of the painting and the way it was painted were all relatively new to the 17<sup>th</sup> century. During the 17<sup>th</sup> century people weren’t regularly educated on anatomy; even the university level anatomists weren’t aware of all the human organs themselves. The painting depicts a changing time in the world of science, technology, and religion. By the faces of the surgeons being introduced to the human body we are able to experience the intensity of the lesson in the painting. The painting is a group portrait which was a rising theme at the time of Rembrandts painting <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp</em>. Art has not always been a sign of wealth, but during the time of the renaissance; being portrayed in a group portrait was considered to be high society. “The leading citizens would pay - and often pay very handsomely - for the privilege of being included in official group portraits“ (Masquelet). Often times then not, other artists may or may not use actual people in the paintings of a group. Nicolas Poussin’s <em>Triumph of David </em>, depicts David as he rejoices in his victory over the giant goliath.\r\n\r\nNicolas Poussin’s <em>Triumph of David  </em>is not<em> </em>a typical a group portrait as it uses religious creatures to portray a religious event. The painting lacks any real detail into the faces of the characters as the painting is trying to express the joy him and his family felt from the victory over goliath. Rembrandt’s anatomy lesson was an actual recreation of an event than had taken place in front of his eyes. The difference in the undertones of the painting is remarkable as most painters would stick to religious artwork to help fund themselves through church funded projects. The Triumph of David is a great painting as it has a great a religious context to it and the painting itself is a masterpiece. Rembrandts has no overlying religious meaning to it and he is able to capture the moment as he was actually there to witness the lesson. This helped make Rembrandts painting so vivid and lively, he uses shading and lighting to bring about life and death. Which is attempted in the painting by Poussin but there are so many different things going on at once it is hard to get the centralized view of the painting. With the anatomy lesson there is an obvious centralized focus point and that is of the corpse and Dr. Tulp.\r\n\r\nPoussin and Rembrandt were both remarkable painters and should be glorified for their contributions to the world of art. Poussin is able to recall a great time in history when the Great goliath is defeated by David. I feel like Rembrandt is able to recall an even more monumental event in history which is the study of anatomy. Anatomy is the study of the human body, and with it we are able to gain insights into ourselves and create medicine and other medical advances through the study of anatomy. Rembrandt captures a moment in time, where as Poussin recreates what he thinks the event would have looked like. This was typical of Dutch art at the time as he tried to paint life as real and simple as it was. We see the brilliance of light in the anatomy lesson to express the difference in death and life that contrasts with the corpse face with the face of the surgeons. In Poussin’s painting we see this to an effect with the painting of Goliath’s face on the stake next to David.\r\n\r\nAt the time of Rembrandts painting, there weren’t very many like it at all. The sheer quality he was able to put into the painting is remarkable, “Indeed, the artist’s concern with movement makes this painting the epitome of 17th-century European thinking: movement was central to the ideas of Descartes, Gassendi, Galileo, Leibniz, Newton - and Rembrandt“ (Masquelet). His painting was revered by all to be a masterpiece and a great recreation of the actual anatomy lesson.\r\n\r\nIn today’s time the portrait still receives accolades and is still well known for being a brilliant group portrait. “The picture still impresses us today by the dramatic concentration of the figures on Tulp\'s demonstration of the dissection of a forearm” (WGA). The photo will still hold significance for being able to recount one of the first public anatomy lessons to be held in the world today. Anatomy lessons are not conducted in the same manner today as they were then. With the ability to create fake bodies for classrooms and images of the human body, there aren’t anymore dead bodies to be analyzed for public viewing as there are human rights laws against this practice. I think the painting would have received a positive reception as Dr. Tulp is dissecting the body for scientific purposes and not just for pure evil fun. The painting even depicts this as ”… the Doctor himself defines the mood as clinical, in both senses, and thus shapes the attitude towards death as to a matter of fact occurrence, which should be dealt with scientifically…” (Art Critique).  Today we wouldn’t have any problem with the painting if it were for scientific reasons although there is always a group who will oppose anything.\r\n\r\nI personally find this painting to be very good, for its ability to depict an image of a real life event, and for the complexity of the shading performed by Rembrandt. The effects that are seen within this painting deal with the direct contrast between life and death. Rembrandt highlights the corpses body to contrast the black robes of the surgeons with its illuminated appearance. Although he uses a bit of shading of the corpse’s face to depict the lifelessness of the face and give off the inevitable stillness of death. The way that Rembrandt paints the surgeons faces is of particular amusement to me, as some surgeons seem to be bored or not interested, and there are others who are enthralled by the dissection and are paying very close attention the body. The face of the doctor is directed out towards an audience which would have paid money to see the dissection of the corpse. I would love to pay money to see a human body examined as we are not able to regularly go and pay for a body to be dissected every year.\r\n\r\nAlthough there was previous anatomy lessons that had taken place prior to the dissection of Aris Kindt. This was painted and exposed to the public, this wasn’t your typical dissection as they are claimed to start with the chest first as the lungs would perish fast along with the stomach. Rembrandt has used light to illuminate the portrait like no other group portrait had been created before. He was apart of a new era and a new style, and he created a style all his own. He was a master of light in paintings, and many painters followed in his footsteps to try and recreate life like images. He is able to capture movement and emotion in his painting and really let loose some of the true ideas of Renaissance. Rembrandts <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>definitely deserves to be preserved in our Space Musuem as it will serve as an artistic guide to future civilizations as well as a historical guide as well.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"center\">WORKS CITED</p>\r\n\"<strong>The</strong> <strong>Anatomy</strong> <strong>Lesson</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Nicolaes</strong> <strong>Tulp</strong>.\" <em>Encyclopedia Britannica.  Encyclopedia Britannica Online Academic Edition</em>. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. &lt;<a href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/23096/The-Anatomy-Lesson-of-Dr-Nicolaes-Tulp\">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/23096/The-Anatomy-Lesson-of-Dr-Nicolaes-Tulp</a>&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis website was used for my initial knowledge of Rembrandt the person.\r\n\r\nMasquelet, A.C. \"REMBRANDT’S ANATOMY LESSON OF PROFESSOR NICOLAES TULP.\" <em>Maitrise Orthopedique</em>. Hôpital Avicenne - F-93009 Bobigny, September 2009. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis website provided an artistic analaysis and critique of the painting\r\n\r\nVarious, Authors. \"The Baroque Erain the Arts.\" <em>History-World</em>. History World International, n.d. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://history-world.org/baroque_era.htm&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis website provided me with information about the baroque era\r\n\r\nKren, Emil, and Daniel Marx. \"REMBRANDT Harmenszoon van Rijn.\" <em>Web Gallery of Art</em>. Web Gallery Of Art, n.d. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/r/rembran/painting/group/anatomy.html&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis website gave me information about the painting and some artistic critique into the painting.\r\n\r\n\"Triumph of David.\" Photograph. <em>Art Gallery Religious</em>. Nicolas Poussin. Madrid: Lib-Art, 1627-30. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.lib-art.com/artgallery/15429-the-triumph-of-david-nicolas-poussin.html&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis is the website I used for the comparison photo, Triumph of David\r\n\r\n\"Rembrandt: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp.\" <em>Art &amp; Critique</em>. Art &amp; Critique, 08 12 2007. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://artandcritique.com/rembrandt-the-anatomy-lesson-of-dr-nicolaes-tulp/&gt;.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','Rembrandt Anatomy Lesson','','publish','open','open','','rembrandt-anatomy-lesson','','','2011-10-12 21:50:52','2011-10-13 03:50:52','',0,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1879',0,'post','',11),(1880,50,'2011-10-11 21:41:47','2011-10-12 03:41:47','','remanatomy','','inherit','open','open','','remanatomy','','','2011-10-11 21:41:47','2011-10-12 03:41:47','',1879,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/remanatomy.jpg',0,'attachment','image/jpeg',0),(1881,50,'2011-10-11 21:41:09','2011-10-12 03:41:09','<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml\">http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml</a></span></p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> </span></p><p>                Rembrandt (1606-1669) is considered to be “… one of the greatest storytellers in the history of art, possessing an exceptional ability to render people in their various moods and dramatic guises” (Britannica). Rembrandt was a true pioneer in the art form of painting creating masterful portraits of him and others whom he encountered. One of his most well known portraits is <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>(1632) and in this masterful painting, Rembrandt captures the image of one of the first anatomy lessons taught at the Amsterdam’s Surgeons Guild. <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>is a true testament to the brilliance of Rembrandt with his profound ability to use shade and light. The shading in the painting allows for Rembrandt to focus the attention of the painting to the faces of the students and the body of the cadaver. For the historical significance to be made from one of the first public anatomy lessons spurring from the time of renaissance in Europe, Rembrandts <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>should be preserved for future generations.</p><p>          Rembrandt was of Dutch descent and is revered in the Dutch community as a fore founder of Dutch artwork, “In 17th-century Holland, group portraits were an immensely popular genre - they were a social institution, the symbol of an up-and-coming middle class.” (Masquelet) The Dutch are a proud people and “After thirty years of war to shake off the Spanish yoke, the seven northern provinces, including Holland, had gained their independence and established their right to trade freely.” (Masquelet) This was a time of great fortune for the Dutch people as trade with the West Indies became extremely lucrative for their economy. “In 1650, the annual yield of the shares in the two India Companies was 500%. Following their meteoric rise to fortune, the burghers of Amsterdam lived well, and loved to see their life reflected in art” (Masquelet).</p><p>          The 1600s are associated with being the Baroque era, “Taken literally, the term means \"irregular\" and is applied generally to the dynamic and undisciplined artistic creativity of the seventeenth century”(HWI). Originating in Italy and spreading north throughout all of Europe the Dutch painters”… perfected their own characteristic style, which grew directly from their pride in political and commercial accomplishments and emphasized the beauty of local nature and the solidity of middle class life” (HWI). Rembrandt was head and shoulders above the rest of his Dutch counterparts as “… he produced works so universally human that they not only expressed Dutch cultural values but also transcended them.”(HWI)</p><p>          Before Rembrandt became a world-renown painter, “From approximately 1620 to 1624/25, Rembrandt trained as an artist. As was quite common in his time, he had two masters in succession” (Britannica). Rembrandt was initially taught by Jacob van Swanenburgh (1571–1638) who “…was a specialist in architectural pieces and in scenes of hell and the underworld…”(Britannica). Thus leading scholars to believe this is where Rembrandt learned his great ability for the portrayal of light in his paintings. <br />           The painting consists of Dr. Tulp conducting an anatomy lesson at the Amsterdam’s Surgeons guild with seven surgeons taking place in the lesson. At the time of the painting, the guild was only allowed one human dissection per year. The body being dissected was that of “A man called Aris Kindt [who] had been hanged for armed robbery” (Masquelet). The portrait depicts all of the characters in the lessons with all having different facial expressions. The ability for Rembrandt to bring out the expressions, mood, and attitudes of the scholars was very inventive at the time. The lesson itself is in question in the portrait as many have been led to believe that the lesson took place solely for the taking of the portrait. Stating that, “... Tulp wanted to show a phenomenon of particular interest to him, without going through all the usual stages of a teaching dissection” (Masquelet). This is also a phenomenon with the painting as no dissecting tools are shown, nor is the actual coroner pictured in the portrait either.</p><p>          Rembrandt’s painting was extremely unique at its time, as the subject of the painting and the way it was painted were all relatively new to the 17<sup>th</sup> century. During the 17<sup>th</sup> century people weren’t regularly educated on anatomy; even the university level anatomists weren’t aware of all the human organs themselves. The painting depicts a changing time in the world of science, technology, and religion. By the faces of the surgeons being introduced to the human body we are able to experience the intensity of the lesson in the painting. The painting is a group portrait which was a rising theme at the time of Rembrandts painting <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp</em>. Art has not always been a sign of wealth, but during the time of the renaissance; being portrayed in a group portrait was considered to be high society. “The leading citizens would pay - and often pay very handsomely - for the privilege of being included in official group portraits“ (Masquelet). Often times then not, other artists may or may not use actual people in the paintings of a group. Nicolas Poussin’s <em>Triumph of David </em>, depicts David as he rejoices in his victory over the giant goliath.</p><p>          Nicolas Poussin’s <em>Triumph of David  </em>is not<em> </em>a typical a group portrait as it uses religious creatures to portray a religious event. The painting lacks any real detail into the faces of the characters as the painting is trying to express the joy him and his family felt from the victory over goliath. Rembrandt’s anatomy lesson was an actual recreation of an event than had taken place in front of his eyes. The difference in the undertones of the painting is remarkable as most painters would stick to religious artwork to help fund themselves through church funded projects. The Triumph of David is a great painting as it has a great a religious context to it and the painting itself is a masterpiece. Rembrandts has no overlying religious meaning to it and he is able to capture the moment as he was actually there to witness the lesson. This helped make Rembrandts painting so vivid and lively, he uses shading and lighting to bring about life and death. Which is attempted in the painting by Poussin but there are so many different things going on at once it is hard to get the centralized view of the painting. With the anatomy lesson there is an obvious centralized focus point and that is of the corpse and Dr. Tulp.</p><p>Poussin and Rembrandt were both remarkable painters and should be glorified for their contributions to the world of art. Poussin is able to recall a great time in history when the Great goliath is defeated by David. I feel like Rembrandt is able to recall an even more monumental event in history which is the study of anatomy. Anatomy is the study of the human body, and with it we are able to gain insights into ourselves and create medicine and other medical advances through the study of anatomy. Rembrandt captures a moment in time, where as Poussin recreates what he thinks the event would have looked like. This was typical of Dutch art at the time as he tried to paint life as real and simple as it was. We see the brilliance of light in the anatomy lesson to express the difference in death and life that contrasts with the corpse face with the face of the surgeons. In Poussin’s painting we see this to an effect with the painting of Goliath’s face on the stake next to David.  </p><p>At the time of Rembrandts painting, there weren’t very many like it at all. The sheer quality he was able to put into the painting is remarkable, “Indeed, the artist’s concern with movement makes this painting the epitome of 17th-century European thinking: movement was central to the ideas of Descartes, Gassendi, Galileo, Leibniz, Newton - and Rembrandt“ (Masquelet). His painting was revered by all to be a masterpiece and a great recreation of the actual anatomy lesson.</p><p>In today’s time the portrait still receives accolades and is still well known for being a brilliant group portrait. “The picture still impresses us today by the dramatic concentration of the figures on Tulp\'s demonstration of the dissection of a forearm” (WGA). The photo will still hold significance for being able to recount one of the first public anatomy lessons to be held in the world today. Anatomy lessons are not conducted in the same manner today as they were then. With the ability to create fake bodies for classrooms and images of the human body, there aren’t anymore dead bodies to be analyzed for public viewing as there are human rights laws against this practice. I think the painting would have received a positive reception as Dr. Tulp is dissecting the body for scientific purposes and not just for pure evil fun. The painting even depicts this as ”… the Doctor himself defines the mood as clinical, in both senses, and thus shapes the attitude towards death as to a matter of fact occurrence, which should be dealt with scientifically…” (Art Critique).  Today we wouldn’t have any problem with the painting if it were for scientific reasons although there is always a group who will oppose anything.</p><p>I personally find this painting to be very good, for its ability to depict an image of a real life event, and for the complexity of the shading performed by Rembrandt. The effects that are seen within this painting deal with the direct contrast between life and death. Rembrandt highlights the corpses body to contrast the black robes of the surgeons with its illuminated appearance. Although he uses a bit of shading of the corpse’s face to depict the lifelessness of the face and give off the inevitable stillness of death. The way that Rembrandt paints the surgeons faces is of particular amusement to me, as some surgeons seem to be bored or not interested, and there are others who are enthralled by the dissection and are paying very close attention the body. The face of the doctor is directed out towards an audience which would have paid money to see the dissection of the corpse. I would love to pay money to see a human body examined as we are not able to regularly go and pay for a body to be dissected every year.</p><p>Although there was previous anatomy lessons that had taken place prior to the dissection of Aris Kindt. This was painted and exposed to the public, this wasn’t your typical dissection as they are claimed to start with the chest first as the lungs would perish fast along with the stomach. Rembrandt has used light to illuminate the portrait like no other group portrait had been created before. He was apart of a new era and a new style, and he created a style all his own. He was a master of light in paintings, and many painters followed in his footsteps to try and recreate life like images. He is able to capture movement and emotion in his painting and really let loose some of the true ideas of Renaissance. Rembrandts <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>definitely deserves to be preserved in our Space Musuem as it will serve as an artistic guide to future civilizations as well as a historical guide as well.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p align=\"center\">WORKS CITED</p><p>\"<strong>The</strong> <strong>Anatomy</strong> <strong>Lesson</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Nicolaes</strong> <strong>Tulp</strong>.\" <em>Encyclopedia Britannica.  Encyclopedia Britannica Online Academic Edition</em>. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. &lt;<a href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/23096/The-Anatomy-Lesson-of-Dr-Nicolaes-Tulp\">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/23096/The-Anatomy-Lesson-of-Dr-Nicolaes-Tulp</a>&gt;.</p><p>This website was used for my initial knowledge of Rembrandt the person.</p><p>Masquelet, A.C. \"REMBRANDT’S ANATOMY LESSON OF PROFESSOR NICOLAES TULP.\" <em>Maitrise Orthopedique</em>. Hôpital Avicenne - F-93009 Bobigny, September 2009. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml&gt;.</p><p>This website provided an artistic analaysis and critique of the painting</p><p>Various, Authors. \"The Baroque Erain the Arts.\" <em>History-World</em>. History World International, n.d. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://history-world.org/baroque_era.htm&gt;.</p><p>This website provided me with information about the baroque era</p><p>Kren, Emil, and Daniel Marx. \"REMBRANDT Harmenszoon van Rijn.\" <em>Web Gallery of Art</em>. Web Gallery Of Art, n.d. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/r/rembran/painting/group/anatomy.html&gt;.</p><p>This website gave me information about the painting and some artistic critique into the painting.</p><p>\"Triumph of David.\" Photograph. <em>Art Gallery Religious</em>. Nicolas Poussin. Madrid: Lib-Art, 1627-30. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.lib-art.com/artgallery/15429-the-triumph-of-david-nicolas-poussin.html&gt;.</p><p>This is the website I used for the comparison photo, Triumph of David</p><p>\"Rembrandt: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp.\" <em>Art &amp; Critique</em>. Art &amp; Critique, 08 12 2007. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://artandcritique.com/rembrandt-the-anatomy-lesson-of-dr-nicolaes-tulp/&gt;.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>','Rembrandt Anatomy Lesson','','inherit','open','open','','1879-revision','','','2011-10-11 21:41:09','2011-10-12 03:41:09','',1879,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1881',0,'revision','',0),(1883,1,'2011-10-11 21:44:02','2011-10-12 03:44:02','&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/remanatomy.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1880\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/remanatomy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"441\" height=\"290\" /></a><a href=\"http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml\">http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml</a></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> </span>\r\n\r\nRembrandt (1606-1669) is considered to be “… one of the greatest storytellers in the history of art, possessing an exceptional ability to render people in their various moods and dramatic guises” (Britannica). Rembrandt was a true pioneer in the art form of painting creating masterful portraits of him and others whom he encountered. One of his most well known portraits is <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>(1632) and in this masterful painting, Rembrandt captures the image of one of the first anatomy lessons taught at the Amsterdam’s Surgeons Guild. <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>is a true testament to the brilliance of Rembrandt with his profound ability to use shade and light. The shading in the painting allows for Rembrandt to focus the attention of the painting to the faces of the students and the body of the cadaver. For the historical significance to be made from one of the first public anatomy lessons spurring from the time of renaissance in Europe, Rembrandts <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>should be preserved for future generations.\r\n\r\nRembrandt was of Dutch descent and is revered in the Dutch community as a fore founder of Dutch artwork, “In 17th-century Holland, group portraits were an immensely popular genre - they were a social institution, the symbol of an up-and-coming middle class.” (Masquelet) The Dutch are a proud people and “After thirty years of war to shake off the Spanish yoke, the seven northern provinces, including Holland, had gained their independence and established their right to trade freely.” (Masquelet) This was a time of great fortune for the Dutch people as trade with the West Indies became extremely lucrative for their economy. “In 1650, the annual yield of the shares in the two India Companies was 500%. Following their meteoric rise to fortune, the burghers of Amsterdam lived well, and loved to see their life reflected in art” (Masquelet).\r\n\r\nThe 1600s are associated with being the Baroque era, “Taken literally, the term means \"irregular\" and is applied generally to the dynamic and undisciplined artistic creativity of the seventeenth century”(HWI). Originating in Italy and spreading north throughout all of Europe the Dutch painters”… perfected their own characteristic style, which grew directly from their pride in political and commercial accomplishments and emphasized the beauty of local nature and the solidity of middle class life” (HWI). Rembrandt was head and shoulders above the rest of his Dutch counterparts as “… he produced works so universally human that they not only expressed Dutch cultural values but also transcended them.”(HWI)\r\n\r\nBefore Rembrandt became a world-renown painter, “From approximately 1620 to 1624/25, Rembrandt trained as an artist. As was quite common in his time, he had two masters in succession” (Britannica). Rembrandt was initially taught by Jacob van Swanenburgh (1571–1638) who “…was a specialist in architectural pieces and in scenes of hell and the underworld…”(Britannica). Thus leading scholars to believe this is where Rembrandt learned his great ability for the portrayal of light in his paintings.\r\nThe painting consists of Dr. Tulp conducting an anatomy lesson at the Amsterdam’s Surgeons guild with seven surgeons taking place in the lesson. At the time of the painting, the guild was only allowed one human dissection per year. The body being dissected was that of “A man called Aris Kindt [who] had been hanged for armed robbery” (Masquelet). The portrait depicts all of the characters in the lessons with all having different facial expressions. The ability for Rembrandt to bring out the expressions, mood, and attitudes of the scholars was very inventive at the time. The lesson itself is in question in the portrait as many have been led to believe that the lesson took place solely for the taking of the portrait. Stating that, “... Tulp wanted to show a phenomenon of particular interest to him, without going through all the usual stages of a teaching dissection” (Masquelet). This is also a phenomenon with the painting as no dissecting tools are shown, nor is the actual coroner pictured in the portrait either.\r\n\r\nRembrandt’s painting was extremely unique at its time, as the subject of the painting and the way it was painted were all relatively new to the 17<sup>th</sup> century. During the 17<sup>th</sup> century people weren’t regularly educated on anatomy; even the university level anatomists weren’t aware of all the human organs themselves. The painting depicts a changing time in the world of science, technology, and religion. By the faces of the surgeons being introduced to the human body we are able to experience the intensity of the lesson in the painting. The painting is a group portrait which was a rising theme at the time of Rembrandts painting <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp</em>. Art has not always been a sign of wealth, but during the time of the renaissance; being portrayed in a group portrait was considered to be high society. “The leading citizens would pay - and often pay very handsomely - for the privilege of being included in official group portraits“ (Masquelet). Often times then not, other artists may or may not use actual people in the paintings of a group. Nicolas Poussin’s <em>Triumph of David </em>, depicts David as he rejoices in his victory over the giant goliath.\r\n\r\nNicolas Poussin’s <em>Triumph of David  </em>is not<em> </em>a typical a group portrait as it uses religious creatures to portray a religious event. The painting lacks any real detail into the faces of the characters as the painting is trying to express the joy him and his family felt from the victory over goliath. Rembrandt’s anatomy lesson was an actual recreation of an event than had taken place in front of his eyes. The difference in the undertones of the painting is remarkable as most painters would stick to religious artwork to help fund themselves through church funded projects. The Triumph of David is a great painting as it has a great a religious context to it and the painting itself is a masterpiece. Rembrandts has no overlying religious meaning to it and he is able to capture the moment as he was actually there to witness the lesson. This helped make Rembrandts painting so vivid and lively, he uses shading and lighting to bring about life and death. Which is attempted in the painting by Poussin but there are so many different things going on at once it is hard to get the centralized view of the painting. With the anatomy lesson there is an obvious centralized focus point and that is of the corpse and Dr. Tulp.\r\n\r\nPoussin and Rembrandt were both remarkable painters and should be glorified for their contributions to the world of art. Poussin is able to recall a great time in history when the Great goliath is defeated by David. I feel like Rembrandt is able to recall an even more monumental event in history which is the study of anatomy. Anatomy is the study of the human body, and with it we are able to gain insights into ourselves and create medicine and other medical advances through the study of anatomy. Rembrandt captures a moment in time, where as Poussin recreates what he thinks the event would have looked like. This was typical of Dutch art at the time as he tried to paint life as real and simple as it was. We see the brilliance of light in the anatomy lesson to express the difference in death and life that contrasts with the corpse face with the face of the surgeons. In Poussin’s painting we see this to an effect with the painting of Goliath’s face on the stake next to David.\r\n\r\nAt the time of Rembrandts painting, there weren’t very many like it at all. The sheer quality he was able to put into the painting is remarkable, “Indeed, the artist’s concern with movement makes this painting the epitome of 17th-century European thinking: movement was central to the ideas of Descartes, Gassendi, Galileo, Leibniz, Newton - and Rembrandt“ (Masquelet). His painting was revered by all to be a masterpiece and a great recreation of the actual anatomy lesson.\r\n\r\nIn today’s time the portrait still receives accolades and is still well known for being a brilliant group portrait. “The picture still impresses us today by the dramatic concentration of the figures on Tulp\'s demonstration of the dissection of a forearm” (WGA). The photo will still hold significance for being able to recount one of the first public anatomy lessons to be held in the world today. Anatomy lessons are not conducted in the same manner today as they were then. With the ability to create fake bodies for classrooms and images of the human body, there aren’t anymore dead bodies to be analyzed for public viewing as there are human rights laws against this practice. I think the painting would have received a positive reception as Dr. Tulp is dissecting the body for scientific purposes and not just for pure evil fun. The painting even depicts this as ”… the Doctor himself defines the mood as clinical, in both senses, and thus shapes the attitude towards death as to a matter of fact occurrence, which should be dealt with scientifically…” (Art Critique).  Today we wouldn’t have any problem with the painting if it were for scientific reasons although there is always a group who will oppose anything.\r\n\r\nI personally find this painting to be very good, for its ability to depict an image of a real life event, and for the complexity of the shading performed by Rembrandt. The effects that are seen within this painting deal with the direct contrast between life and death. Rembrandt highlights the corpses body to contrast the black robes of the surgeons with its illuminated appearance. Although he uses a bit of shading of the corpse’s face to depict the lifelessness of the face and give off the inevitable stillness of death. The way that Rembrandt paints the surgeons faces is of particular amusement to me, as some surgeons seem to be bored or not interested, and there are others who are enthralled by the dissection and are paying very close attention the body. The face of the doctor is directed out towards an audience which would have paid money to see the dissection of the corpse. I would love to pay money to see a human body examined as we are not able to regularly go and pay for a body to be dissected every year.\r\n\r\nAlthough there was previous anatomy lessons that had taken place prior to the dissection of Aris Kindt. This was painted and exposed to the public, this wasn’t your typical dissection as they are claimed to start with the chest first as the lungs would perish fast along with the stomach. Rembrandt has used light to illuminate the portrait like no other group portrait had been created before. He was apart of a new era and a new style, and he created a style all his own. He was a master of light in paintings, and many painters followed in his footsteps to try and recreate life like images. He is able to capture movement and emotion in his painting and really let loose some of the true ideas of Renaissance. Rembrandts <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>definitely deserves to be preserved in our Space Musuem as it will serve as an artistic guide to future civilizations as well as a historical guide as well.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"center\">WORKS CITED</p>\r\n\"<strong>The</strong> <strong>Anatomy</strong> <strong>Lesson</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Nicolaes</strong> <strong>Tulp</strong>.\" <em>Encyclopedia Britannica.  Encyclopedia Britannica Online Academic Edition</em>. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. &lt;<a href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/23096/The-Anatomy-Lesson-of-Dr-Nicolaes-Tulp\">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/23096/The-Anatomy-Lesson-of-Dr-Nicolaes-Tulp</a>&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis website was used for my initial knowledge of Rembrandt the person.\r\n\r\nMasquelet, A.C. \"REMBRANDT’S ANATOMY LESSON OF PROFESSOR NICOLAES TULP.\" <em>Maitrise Orthopedique</em>. Hôpital Avicenne - F-93009 Bobigny, September 2009. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis website provided an artistic analaysis and critique of the painting\r\n\r\nVarious, Authors. \"The Baroque Erain the Arts.\" <em>History-World</em>. History World International, n.d. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://history-world.org/baroque_era.htm&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis website provided me with information about the baroque era\r\n\r\nKren, Emil, and Daniel Marx. \"REMBRANDT Harmenszoon van Rijn.\" <em>Web Gallery of Art</em>. Web Gallery Of Art, n.d. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/r/rembran/painting/group/anatomy.html&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis website gave me information about the painting and some artistic critique into the painting.\r\n\r\n\"Triumph of David.\" Photograph. <em>Art Gallery Religious</em>. Nicolas Poussin. Madrid: Lib-Art, 1627-30. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.lib-art.com/artgallery/15429-the-triumph-of-david-nicolas-poussin.html&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis is the website I used for the comparison photo, Triumph of David\r\n\r\n\"Rembrandt: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp.\" <em>Art &amp; Critique</em>. Art &amp; Critique, 08 12 2007. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://artandcritique.com/rembrandt-the-anatomy-lesson-of-dr-nicolaes-tulp/&gt;.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','Rembrandt Anatomy Lesson','','inherit','open','open','','1879-revision-3','','','2011-10-11 21:44:02','2011-10-12 03:44:02','',1879,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1883',0,'revision','',0),(1882,50,'2011-10-11 21:43:29','2011-10-12 03:43:29','<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/remanatomy.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1880\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/remanatomy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"441\" height=\"290\" /></a><a href=\"http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml\">http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml</a></span></p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> </span></p><p>                Rembrandt (1606-1669) is considered to be “… one of the greatest storytellers in the history of art, possessing an exceptional ability to render people in their various moods and dramatic guises” (Britannica). Rembrandt was a true pioneer in the art form of painting creating masterful portraits of him and others whom he encountered. One of his most well known portraits is <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>(1632) and in this masterful painting, Rembrandt captures the image of one of the first anatomy lessons taught at the Amsterdam’s Surgeons Guild. <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>is a true testament to the brilliance of Rembrandt with his profound ability to use shade and light. The shading in the painting allows for Rembrandt to focus the attention of the painting to the faces of the students and the body of the cadaver. For the historical significance to be made from one of the first public anatomy lessons spurring from the time of renaissance in Europe, Rembrandts <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>should be preserved for future generations.</p><p>          Rembrandt was of Dutch descent and is revered in the Dutch community as a fore founder of Dutch artwork, “In 17th-century Holland, group portraits were an immensely popular genre - they were a social institution, the symbol of an up-and-coming middle class.” (Masquelet) The Dutch are a proud people and “After thirty years of war to shake off the Spanish yoke, the seven northern provinces, including Holland, had gained their independence and established their right to trade freely.” (Masquelet) This was a time of great fortune for the Dutch people as trade with the West Indies became extremely lucrative for their economy. “In 1650, the annual yield of the shares in the two India Companies was 500%. Following their meteoric rise to fortune, the burghers of Amsterdam lived well, and loved to see their life reflected in art” (Masquelet).</p><p>          The 1600s are associated with being the Baroque era, “Taken literally, the term means \"irregular\" and is applied generally to the dynamic and undisciplined artistic creativity of the seventeenth century”(HWI). Originating in Italy and spreading north throughout all of Europe the Dutch painters”… perfected their own characteristic style, which grew directly from their pride in political and commercial accomplishments and emphasized the beauty of local nature and the solidity of middle class life” (HWI). Rembrandt was head and shoulders above the rest of his Dutch counterparts as “… he produced works so universally human that they not only expressed Dutch cultural values but also transcended them.”(HWI)</p><p>          Before Rembrandt became a world-renown painter, “From approximately 1620 to 1624/25, Rembrandt trained as an artist. As was quite common in his time, he had two masters in succession” (Britannica). Rembrandt was initially taught by Jacob van Swanenburgh (1571–1638) who “…was a specialist in architectural pieces and in scenes of hell and the underworld…”(Britannica). Thus leading scholars to believe this is where Rembrandt learned his great ability for the portrayal of light in his paintings. <br />           The painting consists of Dr. Tulp conducting an anatomy lesson at the Amsterdam’s Surgeons guild with seven surgeons taking place in the lesson. At the time of the painting, the guild was only allowed one human dissection per year. The body being dissected was that of “A man called Aris Kindt [who] had been hanged for armed robbery” (Masquelet). The portrait depicts all of the characters in the lessons with all having different facial expressions. The ability for Rembrandt to bring out the expressions, mood, and attitudes of the scholars was very inventive at the time. The lesson itself is in question in the portrait as many have been led to believe that the lesson took place solely for the taking of the portrait. Stating that, “... Tulp wanted to show a phenomenon of particular interest to him, without going through all the usual stages of a teaching dissection” (Masquelet). This is also a phenomenon with the painting as no dissecting tools are shown, nor is the actual coroner pictured in the portrait either.</p><p>          Rembrandt’s painting was extremely unique at its time, as the subject of the painting and the way it was painted were all relatively new to the 17<sup>th</sup> century. During the 17<sup>th</sup> century people weren’t regularly educated on anatomy; even the university level anatomists weren’t aware of all the human organs themselves. The painting depicts a changing time in the world of science, technology, and religion. By the faces of the surgeons being introduced to the human body we are able to experience the intensity of the lesson in the painting. The painting is a group portrait which was a rising theme at the time of Rembrandts painting <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp</em>. Art has not always been a sign of wealth, but during the time of the renaissance; being portrayed in a group portrait was considered to be high society. “The leading citizens would pay - and often pay very handsomely - for the privilege of being included in official group portraits“ (Masquelet). Often times then not, other artists may or may not use actual people in the paintings of a group. Nicolas Poussin’s <em>Triumph of David </em>, depicts David as he rejoices in his victory over the giant goliath.</p><p>          Nicolas Poussin’s <em>Triumph of David  </em>is not<em> </em>a typical a group portrait as it uses religious creatures to portray a religious event. The painting lacks any real detail into the faces of the characters as the painting is trying to express the joy him and his family felt from the victory over goliath. Rembrandt’s anatomy lesson was an actual recreation of an event than had taken place in front of his eyes. The difference in the undertones of the painting is remarkable as most painters would stick to religious artwork to help fund themselves through church funded projects. The Triumph of David is a great painting as it has a great a religious context to it and the painting itself is a masterpiece. Rembrandts has no overlying religious meaning to it and he is able to capture the moment as he was actually there to witness the lesson. This helped make Rembrandts painting so vivid and lively, he uses shading and lighting to bring about life and death. Which is attempted in the painting by Poussin but there are so many different things going on at once it is hard to get the centralized view of the painting. With the anatomy lesson there is an obvious centralized focus point and that is of the corpse and Dr. Tulp.</p><p>Poussin and Rembrandt were both remarkable painters and should be glorified for their contributions to the world of art. Poussin is able to recall a great time in history when the Great goliath is defeated by David. I feel like Rembrandt is able to recall an even more monumental event in history which is the study of anatomy. Anatomy is the study of the human body, and with it we are able to gain insights into ourselves and create medicine and other medical advances through the study of anatomy. Rembrandt captures a moment in time, where as Poussin recreates what he thinks the event would have looked like. This was typical of Dutch art at the time as he tried to paint life as real and simple as it was. We see the brilliance of light in the anatomy lesson to express the difference in death and life that contrasts with the corpse face with the face of the surgeons. In Poussin’s painting we see this to an effect with the painting of Goliath’s face on the stake next to David.  </p><p>At the time of Rembrandts painting, there weren’t very many like it at all. The sheer quality he was able to put into the painting is remarkable, “Indeed, the artist’s concern with movement makes this painting the epitome of 17th-century European thinking: movement was central to the ideas of Descartes, Gassendi, Galileo, Leibniz, Newton - and Rembrandt“ (Masquelet). His painting was revered by all to be a masterpiece and a great recreation of the actual anatomy lesson.</p><p>In today’s time the portrait still receives accolades and is still well known for being a brilliant group portrait. “The picture still impresses us today by the dramatic concentration of the figures on Tulp\'s demonstration of the dissection of a forearm” (WGA). The photo will still hold significance for being able to recount one of the first public anatomy lessons to be held in the world today. Anatomy lessons are not conducted in the same manner today as they were then. With the ability to create fake bodies for classrooms and images of the human body, there aren’t anymore dead bodies to be analyzed for public viewing as there are human rights laws against this practice. I think the painting would have received a positive reception as Dr. Tulp is dissecting the body for scientific purposes and not just for pure evil fun. The painting even depicts this as ”… the Doctor himself defines the mood as clinical, in both senses, and thus shapes the attitude towards death as to a matter of fact occurrence, which should be dealt with scientifically…” (Art Critique).  Today we wouldn’t have any problem with the painting if it were for scientific reasons although there is always a group who will oppose anything.</p><p>I personally find this painting to be very good, for its ability to depict an image of a real life event, and for the complexity of the shading performed by Rembrandt. The effects that are seen within this painting deal with the direct contrast between life and death. Rembrandt highlights the corpses body to contrast the black robes of the surgeons with its illuminated appearance. Although he uses a bit of shading of the corpse’s face to depict the lifelessness of the face and give off the inevitable stillness of death. The way that Rembrandt paints the surgeons faces is of particular amusement to me, as some surgeons seem to be bored or not interested, and there are others who are enthralled by the dissection and are paying very close attention the body. The face of the doctor is directed out towards an audience which would have paid money to see the dissection of the corpse. I would love to pay money to see a human body examined as we are not able to regularly go and pay for a body to be dissected every year.</p><p>Although there was previous anatomy lessons that had taken place prior to the dissection of Aris Kindt. This was painted and exposed to the public, this wasn’t your typical dissection as they are claimed to start with the chest first as the lungs would perish fast along with the stomach. Rembrandt has used light to illuminate the portrait like no other group portrait had been created before. He was apart of a new era and a new style, and he created a style all his own. He was a master of light in paintings, and many painters followed in his footsteps to try and recreate life like images. He is able to capture movement and emotion in his painting and really let loose some of the true ideas of Renaissance. Rembrandts <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>definitely deserves to be preserved in our Space Musuem as it will serve as an artistic guide to future civilizations as well as a historical guide as well.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p align=\"center\">WORKS CITED</p><p>\"<strong>The</strong> <strong>Anatomy</strong> <strong>Lesson</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Nicolaes</strong> <strong>Tulp</strong>.\" <em>Encyclopedia Britannica.  Encyclopedia Britannica Online Academic Edition</em>. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. &lt;<a href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/23096/The-Anatomy-Lesson-of-Dr-Nicolaes-Tulp\">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/23096/The-Anatomy-Lesson-of-Dr-Nicolaes-Tulp</a>&gt;.</p><p>This website was used for my initial knowledge of Rembrandt the person.</p><p>Masquelet, A.C. \"REMBRANDT’S ANATOMY LESSON OF PROFESSOR NICOLAES TULP.\" <em>Maitrise Orthopedique</em>. Hôpital Avicenne - F-93009 Bobigny, September 2009. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml&gt;.</p><p>This website provided an artistic analaysis and critique of the painting</p><p>Various, Authors. \"The Baroque Erain the Arts.\" <em>History-World</em>. History World International, n.d. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://history-world.org/baroque_era.htm&gt;.</p><p>This website provided me with information about the baroque era</p><p>Kren, Emil, and Daniel Marx. \"REMBRANDT Harmenszoon van Rijn.\" <em>Web Gallery of Art</em>. Web Gallery Of Art, n.d. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/r/rembran/painting/group/anatomy.html&gt;.</p><p>This website gave me information about the painting and some artistic critique into the painting.</p><p>\"Triumph of David.\" Photograph. <em>Art Gallery Religious</em>. Nicolas Poussin. Madrid: Lib-Art, 1627-30. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.lib-art.com/artgallery/15429-the-triumph-of-david-nicolas-poussin.html&gt;.</p><p>This is the website I used for the comparison photo, Triumph of David</p><p>\"Rembrandt: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp.\" <em>Art &amp; Critique</em>. Art &amp; Critique, 08 12 2007. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://artandcritique.com/rembrandt-the-anatomy-lesson-of-dr-nicolaes-tulp/&gt;.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>','Rembrandt Anatomy Lesson','','inherit','open','open','','1879-revision-2','','','2011-10-11 21:43:29','2011-10-12 03:43:29','',1879,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1882',0,'revision','',0),(1884,47,'2011-10-12 09:50:11','2011-10-12 15:50:11','<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Taj-Mahal_1.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1885 aligncenter\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Taj-Mahal_1-300x204.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\" /></a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/\">http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The Taj Mahal, also known as Tadj Mahall(Encyclopedia Britannica), is a symbol of love that was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal during the 17th century. The Taj which means crown (Bartholet, Jeffrey), was built in order to immortalize the emperors beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal(“Chosen of the palace”) that died at child birth(Encyclopedia Britannica). The Taj Mahal must be preserved for future generations in order to remember the symbol of love represented by monumental artistic architecture.<!--more--></p>\r\nThe Mughal Empire was at the height of its dominion when Shah Jahan became the emperor. Shah Jahan grandfather, Akbar, had brought wealth and dominion to northern India. “Akbar defeated the Afghans and firmly established Mughal supremacy in northern India, bringing the empire to the height of its power and wealth. He was the Grand Mughal, renowned even in the most distant corners of the civilized world.” (<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>) The Mughal empire was able to succeed due to Akbar, because with the wealth came the interest of arts and progress in architecture. It was Shah Jahan father, Jahangir, who brought the interest in arts and inspired a golden age in the Mughal Empire. With the immense power and wealth, it became tradition for Mughal emperors to demonstrate their power with palaces and art. It is from this era that the English word mogul was created, as someone that has much power and wealth. (<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>) The Taj Mahal took over 20,000 workers under the chief architect Ahmad Lahawri. Construction started in 1632 and was finalized by 1647(Encyclopedia Britannica). “Stone carvers and brick layers, calligrapher and masters of gemstones inlay lapis lazuli came from Afghanistan, jade from China, coral from Arabia and rubies from Sri Lanka.”( Bartholet, Jeffrey)\r\n\r\nThe Mughal period marked a time of enrichment for architectures and art, implementing various styles. “Under the patronage of Mughal emperors, Persian, Indian, and various provincial styles were fused to produce works of unusual quality and refinement.”( Swati Chattopadhyay) The first of its style was the tomb of emperor Humayun at Delhi which showed strong Persian influence. Then, under emperor Akbar, came the monumental Victory Gate “one of the finest mosques of the Mughal period.”(Swati Chattopadhyay) The height of its era came under Shah Jahan with the magnificent Taj Mahal which had Persian influence like the tomb of Humayun. “The use of the double dome, a recessed archway inside a rectangular fronton, and park like surrounding are all typical of Shah Jahan period buildings. Symmetry and balance between the parts of a building were always stressed, while the delicacy of detail in Shah Jahan decorative work has seldom been surpassed.”( Swati Chattopadhyay) The Taj Mahal is a monument of love that has not been surpassed by any other palace of its origin; it is unique for the period, and original in detail to its style.\r\n\r\nAlthough the Taj is beautiful, it was never completed, as Shah Jahan intended to build another palace across the river connecting it by a bridge to the Taj Mahal. The idea was that the Taj Mahal would be the tomb of his wife and the second building would be the tomb of Shah Jahan. But, Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzed, and was imprisoned in the Agra fort (Encyclopedia Britannica). “According to legend, Shad Jahan spent the last eight years of his life starring at the Taj Mahal through a window at the fort. On January 22, 1666, he died and joined his beloved queen, Mumtaz Mahal, at the Taj Mahal.”(Myers, Alice) During the time of Shah Jahan’s son, Aurengzed, the arts and architecture decline in the Mughal Empire due to Aurangzed Muslim believe that “Islam in India was in danger of being spiritually diluted by heresy and heterodoxy.” (Hambly, Gavin R. G.)\r\n\r\nIf there were ever two reigns that could be compared for that era it would be Luis XIV and Shah Jahan, as they both brought arts and culture to their empires. Under their reigns two splendid palaces were build, the palace of Versailles and the Taj Mahal. They are both share eloquent gardens and immense use of space. Versailles palace demonstrates different themes for each room as it is larger than the Taj Mahal. There are rooms in the palace of Versailles that are dedicated to past kings and to victorious wars, but the most luxuries room would be the Galerie Des Glaces(Hall of Mirrors). The Hall of Mirrors is surrounded with magnificent “frescos, marble pilasters, and gilded bronze capitals, and furnished with ornate candelabra and bejeweled trees.”(Fiero) mirrors were used to face the windows that open into the garden which created a “brilliant counterpoint of image and reflection.”(Fiero) The gardens at Versailles feature more geometric shapes, sparkling fountains, artificial lakes, gottoes, zoos, theaters and outdoor rooms.(Fiero) The Taj Mahal smaller in size is more complex structures than the palace of Versailles. “These structures include the Darwaza or main gateway, the Bageecha or garden, the Masjid or mosque, the Naqqar Khaana or guest house and the Rauza or mausoleum.”(<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>)  The Taj Mahal is made of marble which changes colors depending of the time of the day (“Marble is of crystalline composition, allowing light to enter rather deeply before it is reflected”). (Bartholet, Jeffrey) The Taj also depicts geometric figures but as piedra dura, which is a style of inlaying precious stones. These stones represent inscriptions from the Quran and designs of flowers and plants (<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>). Both of these palaces use fountains to mirror images, although, the Taj Mahal uses the tree line pool to create an illusion that the mausoleum is floating, while the fountains at Versailles are used to mirror the sculptures (Fiero). These two palaces were exclusive for its time, even though, they both served different purposes. Versailles was the king’s palace while the Taj was a burial monument for love.\r\n\r\nDuring the nineteenth century the Taj Mahal became a favored picnic site between colonial Englishmen, who though of the place as a romantic monument rather than a tomb. The iconicity that the Englishmen gave to the Taj Mahal became popular culture around the world and it is now seen as a symbol for love and Hindu culture (Swati Chattopadhyay). The Taj is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and it is now one of the most visited tourist attractions known. “In 1983, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, And Cultural organization(UNESCO) designated the Taj Mahal a World Heritage Site, a recognition given to a place or building of major import to the common heritage of human kind and, thus, worthy of preservation.”(Myers, Alice)\r\n\r\nI consider this to be one of the most splendid buildings in the world and would love to have the opportunity to some day visit the Taj Mahal.  It is without a doubt one of the most popular sites in the world, everyone has seen the beautiful mausoleum reflected from the pool on a picture or on a commercial. This is worth preserving for the future generations to understand the beauty of love in a different era and to value the Islamic culture. It is a monument that future generations must conserve and not let it fall to erosion or deterioration of contaminant as it has happened in the past. (Bartholet, Jeffrey) Measurements have been taken to conserve the Taj Mahal and I hope that its beauty will inspire other to conserve it for the future.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Work Cited</p>\r\n• Bartholet, Jeffrey. \"Taj Mahal.\" Smithonian, Article. vol. 42 Issue 5, p44-57. sep 2011\r\n(This article gave great examples of the Architecture and helped with some historical facts.)\r\n\r\n• Hambly, Gavin R. G. \"Rajut Rebellion.\" Great Events from History: The Seventeenth Century 1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem Press, 2006. Salem History Web. 01 Oct 2011\r\n(This Article gave great historical insight)\r\n\r\n• Fiero.\r\n(Used to compare the palace of Versailles to the Taj Mahal)\r\n\r\n• Myers, Alice. \"Shah Jahan Builds the Taj Mahal.\" Great Events from History: The Seventeenth Century 1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem Press 2006. Salem history web. 01 oct. 2011\r\n(This Article was used to fill historical gaps of the Taj Mahal)\r\n\r\n• Swati Chattopadhyay \"Taj Mahal.\"  The Oxford Encyclopedia of Modern World. Ed PeterN. Stearns. Oxford University Press, 2008. Austin Community College. 2 October 2011\r\n(Used this Article to show how the taj was build and its present popularity)\r\n\r\n• <a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>. \"Architecture of the Taj Mahal Agra.\" 2010. Indian Visit Pvt. Ltd. 02 oct 2011\r\n<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com/taj-mahal-agra/architecture-of-the-tajmahal.html\">http://www.agrahub.com/taj-mahal-agra/architecture-of-the-tajmahal.html</a>\r\n(Used this article to compare the Taj Mahal to the Palace of Versailles)\r\n\r\n• <a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>. \"...the Mughal dynasty\" 1995-2011. PBS Foundation. 02 oct 2011.\r\n<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html\">http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html</a>\r\n(Used this Article to describe the Mughal power)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','The Taj Mahal','','publish','open','open','','the-taj-mahal','','','2011-10-13 09:44:35','2011-10-13 15:44:35','',0,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1884',0,'post','',12),(1885,47,'2011-10-12 09:40:38','2011-10-12 15:40:38','','Taj-Mahal_1','','inherit','open','open','','taj-mahal_1','','','2011-10-12 09:40:38','2011-10-12 15:40:38','',1884,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Taj-Mahal_1.jpg',0,'attachment','image/jpeg',0),(1886,47,'2011-10-12 09:38:46','2011-10-12 15:38:46','<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/\">http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/</a></p>\nThe Taj Mahal, also known as Tadj\nMahall(Encyclopedia Britannica), is a symbol of love that was built by the\nMughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal during the 17<sup>th</sup>\ncentury. The Taj which means crown (Bartholet, Jeffrey), was built in order to\nimmortalize the emperors beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal(“Chosen of the palace”)\nthat died at child birth(Encyclopedia Britannica). The Taj Mahal must be\npreserved for future generations in order to remember the symbol of love\nrepresented by monumental artistic architecture.\n\n&nbsp;\n\nThe Mughal Empire was at the height\nof its dominion when Shah Jahan became the emperor. Shah Jahan grandfather,\nAkbar, had brought wealth and dominion to northern India.\n“Akbar defeated the Afghans and firmly established Mughal supremacy in northern\nIndia, bringing\nthe empire to the height of its power and wealth. He was the Grand Mughal,\nrenowned even in the most distant corners of the civilized world.” (www.pbs.org)\nThe Mughal empire was able to succeed due to Akbar, because with the wealth\ncame the interest of arts and progress in architecture. It was Shah Jahan\nfather, Jahangir, who brought the interest in arts and inspired a golden age in\nthe Mughal Empire. With the immense power and wealth, it became tradition for\nMughal emperors to demonstrate their power with palaces and art. It is from\nthis era that the English word mogul was created, as someone that has much\npower and wealth. (www.pbs.org) The Taj Mahal took over 20,000 workers under\nthe chief architect Ahmad Lahawri. Construction started in 1632 and was\nfinalized by 1647(Encyclopedia Britannica). “Stone carvers and brick layers,\ncalligrapher and masters of gemstones inlay lapis lazuli came from Afghanistan,\njade from China,\ncoral from Arabia and rubies from Sri\nLanka.”( Bartholet, Jeffrey)\n\n&nbsp;\n\nThe Mughal period marked a time of enrichment\nfor architectures and art, implementing various styles. “Under the patronage of\nMughal emperors, Persian, Indian, and various provincial styles were fused to\nproduce works of unusual quality and refinement.”( Swati Chattopadhyay) The\nfirst of its style was the tomb of emperor Humayun at Delhi\nwhich showed strong Persian influence. Then, under emperor Akbar, came the\nmonumental Victory Gate “one of the finest mosques of the Mughal period.”(Swati\nChattopadhyay) The height of its era came under Shah Jahan with the magnificent\nTaj Mahal which had Persian influence like the tomb of Humayun. “The use of the\ndouble dome, a recessed archway inside a rectangular fronton, and park like\nsurrounding are all typical of Shah Jahan period buildings. Symmetry and\nbalance between the parts of a building were always stressed, while the\ndelicacy of detail in Shah Jahan decorative work has seldom been surpassed.”(\nSwati Chattopadhyay) The Taj Mahal is a monument of love that has not been surpassed\nby any other palace of its origin; it is unique for the period, and original in\ndetail to its style.\n\n&nbsp;\n\nAlthough the Taj is beautiful, it\nwas never completed, as Shah Jahan intended to build another palace across the\nriver connecting it by a bridge to the Taj Mahal. The idea was that the Taj\nMahal would be the tomb of his wife and the second building would be the tomb\nof Shah Jahan. But, Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzed, and was\nimprisoned in the Agra fort (Encyclopedia\nBritannica). “According to legend, Shad Jahan spent the last eight years of his\nlife starring at the Taj Mahal through a window at the fort. On January 22, 1666, he died and joined\nhis beloved queen, Mumtaz Mahal, at the Taj Mahal.”(Myers, Alice)\nDuring the time of Shah Jahan’s son, Aurengzed, the arts and architecture\ndecline in the Mughal Empire due to Aurangzed Muslim believe that “Islam in India\nwas in danger of being spiritually diluted by heresy and heterodoxy.” (Hambly,\nGavin R. G.)\n\n&nbsp;\n\nIf there were ever two reigns that\ncould be compared for that era it would be Luis XIV and Shah Jahan, as they\nboth brought arts and culture to their empires. Under their reigns two splendid\npalaces were build, the palace of Versailles\nand the Taj Mahal. They are both share eloquent gardens and immense use of\nspace. Versailles palace\ndemonstrates different themes for each room as it is larger than the Taj Mahal.\nThere are rooms in the palace of Versailles that are dedicated to past kings\nand to victorious wars, but the most luxuries room would be the Galerie Des\nGlaces(Hall of Mirrors). The Hall of Mirrors is surrounded with magnificent\n“frescos, marble pilasters, and gilded bronze capitals, and furnished with\nornate candelabra and bejeweled trees.”(Fiero) mirrors were used to face the\nwindows that open into the garden which created a “brilliant counterpoint of\nimage and reflection.”(Fiero) The gardens at Versailles\nfeature more geometric shapes, sparkling fountains, artificial lakes, gottoes,\nzoos, theaters and outdoor rooms.(Fiero) The Taj Mahal smaller in size is more\ncomplex structures than the palace of\nVersailles. “These structures include the Darwaza or main gateway, the\nBageecha or garden, the Masjid or mosque, the Naqqar Khaana or guest house and\nthe Rauza or mausoleum.”(www.agrahub.com)  The Taj Mahal is made of marble which changes\ncolors depending of the time of the day (“Marble is of crystalline composition,\nallowing light to enter rather deeply before it is reflected”). (Bartholet,\nJeffrey) The Taj also depicts geometric figures but as piedra dura, which is a\nstyle of inlaying precious stones. These stones represent inscriptions from the\nQuran and designs of flowers and plants (www.agrahub.com). Both of these palaces\nuse fountains to mirror images, although, the Taj Mahal uses the tree line pool\nto create an illusion that the mausoleum is floating, while the fountains at Versailles\nare used to mirror the sculptures (Fiero). These two palaces were exclusive for\nits time, even though, they both served different purposes. Versailles\nwas the king’s palace while the Taj was a burial monument for love.\n\n&nbsp;\n\nDuring the nineteenth century the\nTaj Mahal became a favored picnic site between colonial Englishmen, who though\nof the place as a romantic monument rather than a tomb. The iconicity that the\nEnglishmen gave to the Taj Mahal became popular culture around the world and it\nis now seen as a symbol for love and Hindu culture (Swati Chattopadhyay). The\nTaj is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World,\nand it is now one of the most visited tourist attractions known. “In 1983, the\nUnited Nations Educational, Scientific, And Cultural organization(UNESCO)\ndesignated the Taj Mahal a World Heritage Site, a recognition given to a place\nor building of major import to the common heritage of human kind and, thus, worthy\nof preservation.”(Myers,Alice)\n\n&nbsp;\n\nI consider this to be one of the\nmost splendid buildings in the world and would love to have the opportunity to\nsome day visit the Taj Mahal.  It is\nwithout a doubt one of the most popular sites in the world, everyone has seen\nthe beautiful mausoleum reflected from the pool on a\npicture or on a commercial. This is worth preserving for the future generations\nto understand the beauty of love in a different era and to value the Islamic\nculture. It is a monument that future generations must conserve and not let it\nfall to erosion or deterioration of contaminant as it has happened in the past.\n(Bartholet, Jeffrey) Measurements have been taken to conserve the Taj Mahal and\nI hope that its beauty will inspire other to conserve it for the future.\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Work Cited </span></p>\n<p align=\"center\"></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>Bartholet,\nJeffrey. \"Taj Mahal.\" Smithonian, Article. vol. 42 Issue 5,\np44-57. sep 2011</li>\n</ul>\n(This article gave great examples\nof the Architecture and helped with some historical facts.)\n<p align=\"center\"></p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>Hambly,\nGavin R. G. \"Rajut Rebellion.\" Great Events from History: The\nSeventeenth Century 1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem\nPress, 2006. Salem History\nWeb.01 Oct 2011</li>\n</ul>\n(This Article gave great historical\ninsight)\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n	<li>Fiero.</li>\n</ul>\n(Used to compare the palace\nofVersailles to the Taj Mahal)\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n	<li>Myers,\nAlice. \"Shah Jahan Builds\nthe Taj Mahal.\" Great Events from History: The Seventeenth Century\n1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem Press 2006. Salem\nhistory web. 01 oct. 2011</li>\n</ul>\n(This Article was used to fill\nhistorical gaps of the Taj Mahal)\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n	<li>Swati\nChattopadhyay \"Taj Mahal.\"\nThe Oxford Encyclopedia\nof Modern World. Ed PeterN. Stearns. Oxford\nUniversity Press, 2008. Austin\nCommunity College.2 October 2011</li>\n</ul>\n(Used this Article to show how the\ntaj was build and its present popularity)\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n	<li>www.agrahub.com.\n\"Architecture of the Taj Mahal Agra.\" 2010. Indian Visit Pvt.\nLtd. 02 oct 2011</li>\n</ul>\nhttp://www.agrahub.com/taj-mahal-agra/architecture-of-the-tajmahal.html\n\n(Used this\narticle to compare the Taj Mahal to the Palace\nofVersailles)\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n	<li>www.pbs.org.\n\"...the Mughal dynasty\" 1995-2011. PBS Foundation.02 oct 2011.</li>\n</ul>\n<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html\">http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html</a>\n\n(Used this Article to describe the\nMughal power)\n\n&nbsp;','The Taj Mahal','','inherit','open','open','','1884-revision','','','2011-10-12 09:38:46','2011-10-12 15:38:46','',1884,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1886',0,'revision','',0),(1887,47,'2011-10-12 09:41:45','2011-10-12 15:41:45','','The Taj Mahal','','inherit','open','open','','1884-revision-2','','','2011-10-12 09:41:45','2011-10-12 15:41:45','',1884,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1887',0,'revision','',0),(1888,47,'2011-10-12 09:46:01','2011-10-12 15:46:01','<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/\">http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\r\nThe Taj Mahal, also known as Tadj Mahall(Encyclopedia Britannica), is a symbol of love that was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal during the 17th century. The Taj which means crown (Bartholet, Jeffrey), was built in order to immortalize the emperors beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal(“Chosen of the palace”) that died at child birth(Encyclopedia Britannica). The Taj Mahal must be preserved for future generations in order to remember the symbol of love represented by monumental artistic architecture.</p>\r\nThe Mughal Empire was at the height of its dominion when Shah Jahan became the emperor. Shah Jahan grandfather, Akbar, had brought wealth and dominion to northern India. “Akbar defeated the Afghans and firmly established Mughal supremacy in northern India, bringing the empire to the height of its power and wealth. He was the Grand Mughal, renowned even in the most distant corners of the civilized world.” (<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>) The Mughal empire was able to succeed due to Akbar, because with the wealth came the interest of arts and progress in architecture. It was Shah Jahan father, Jahangir, who brought the interest in arts and inspired a golden age in the Mughal Empire. With the immense power and wealth, it became tradition for Mughal emperors to demonstrate their power with palaces and art. It is from this era that the English word mogul was created, as someone that has much power and wealth. (<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>) The Taj Mahal took over 20,000 workers under the chief architect Ahmad Lahawri. Construction started in 1632 and was finalized by 1647(Encyclopedia Britannica). “Stone carvers and brick layers, calligrapher and masters of gemstones inlay lapis lazuli came from Afghanistan, jade from China, coral from Arabia and rubies from Sri Lanka.”( Bartholet, Jeffrey)\r\n\r\nThe Mughal period marked a time of enrichment for architectures and art, implementing various styles. “Under the patronage of Mughal emperors, Persian, Indian, and various provincial styles were fused to produce works of unusual quality and refinement.”( Swati Chattopadhyay) The first of its style was the tomb of emperor Humayun at Delhi which showed strong Persian influence. Then, under emperor Akbar, came the monumental Victory Gate “one of the finest mosques of the Mughal period.”(Swati Chattopadhyay) The height of its era came under Shah Jahan with the magnificent Taj Mahal which had Persian influence like the tomb of Humayun. “The use of the double dome, a recessed archway inside a rectangular fronton, and park like surrounding are all typical of Shah Jahan period buildings. Symmetry and balance between the parts of a building were always stressed, while the delicacy of detail in Shah Jahan decorative work has seldom been surpassed.”( Swati Chattopadhyay) The Taj Mahal is a monument of love that has not been surpassed by any other palace of its origin; it is unique for the period, and original in detail to its style.\r\n\r\nAlthough the Taj is beautiful, it was never completed, as Shah Jahan intended to build another palace across the river connecting it by a bridge to the Taj Mahal. The idea was that the Taj Mahal would be the tomb of his wife and the second building would be the tomb of Shah Jahan. But, Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzed, and was imprisoned in the Agra fort (Encyclopedia Britannica). “According to legend, Shad Jahan spent the last eight years of his life starring at the Taj Mahal through a window at the fort. On January 22, 1666, he died and joined his beloved queen, Mumtaz Mahal, at the Taj Mahal.”(Myers, Alice) During the time of Shah Jahan’s son, Aurengzed, the arts and architecture decline in the Mughal Empire due to Aurangzed Muslim believe that “Islam in India was in danger of being spiritually diluted by heresy and heterodoxy.” (Hambly, Gavin R. G.)\r\n\r\nIf there were ever two reigns that could be compared for that era it would be Luis XIV and Shah Jahan, as they both brought arts and culture to their empires. Under their reigns two splendid palaces were build, the palace of Versailles and the Taj Mahal. They are both share eloquent gardens and immense use of space. Versailles palace demonstrates different themes for each room as it is larger than the Taj Mahal. There are rooms in the palace of Versailles that are dedicated to past kings and to victorious wars, but the most luxuries room would be the Galerie Des Glaces(Hall of Mirrors). The Hall of Mirrors is surrounded with magnificent “frescos, marble pilasters, and gilded bronze capitals, and furnished with ornate candelabra and bejeweled trees.”(Fiero) mirrors were used to face the windows that open into the garden which created a “brilliant counterpoint of image and reflection.”(Fiero) The gardens at Versailles feature more geometric shapes, sparkling fountains, artificial lakes, gottoes, zoos, theaters and outdoor rooms.(Fiero) The Taj Mahal smaller in size is more complex structures than the palace of Versailles. “These structures include the Darwaza or main gateway, the Bageecha or garden, the Masjid or mosque, the Naqqar Khaana or guest house and the Rauza or mausoleum.”(<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>)  The Taj Mahal is made of marble which changes colors depending of the time of the day (“Marble is of crystalline composition, allowing light to enter rather deeply before it is reflected”). (Bartholet, Jeffrey) The Taj also depicts geometric figures but as piedra dura, which is a style of inlaying precious stones. These stones represent inscriptions from the Quran and designs of flowers and plants (<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>). Both of these palaces use fountains to mirror images, although, the Taj Mahal uses the tree line pool to create an illusion that the mausoleum is floating, while the fountains at Versailles are used to mirror the sculptures (Fiero). These two palaces were exclusive for its time, even though, they both served different purposes. Versailles was the king’s palace while the Taj was a burial monument for love.\r\n\r\nDuring the nineteenth century the Taj Mahal became a favored picnic site between colonial Englishmen, who though of the place as a romantic monument rather than a tomb. The iconicity that the Englishmen gave to the Taj Mahal became popular culture around the world and it is now seen as a symbol for love and Hindu culture (Swati Chattopadhyay). The Taj is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and it is now one of the most visited tourist attractions known. “In 1983, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, And Cultural organization(UNESCO) designated the Taj Mahal a World Heritage Site, a recognition given to a place or building of major import to the common heritage of human kind and, thus, worthy of preservation.”(Myers, Alice)\r\n\r\nI consider this to be one of the most splendid buildings in the world and would love to have the opportunity to some day visit the Taj Mahal.  It is without a doubt one of the most popular sites in the world, everyone has seen the beautiful mausoleum reflected from the pool on a picture or on a commercial. This is worth preserving for the future generations to understand the beauty of love in a different era and to value the Islamic culture. It is a monument that future generations must conserve and not let it fall to erosion or deterioration of contaminant as it has happened in the past. (Bartholet, Jeffrey) Measurements have been taken to conserve the Taj Mahal and I hope that its beauty will inspire other to conserve it for the future.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Work Cited</p>\r\n• Bartholet, Jeffrey. \"Taj Mahal.\" Smithonian, Article. vol. 42 Issue 5, p44-57. sep 2011\r\n(This article gave great examples of the Architecture and helped with some historical facts.)\r\n\r\n• Hambly, Gavin R. G. \"Rajut Rebellion.\" Great Events from History: The Seventeenth Century 1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem Press, 2006. Salem History Web. 01 Oct 2011\r\n(This Article gave great historical insight)\r\n\r\n• Fiero.\r\n(Used to compare the palace of Versailles to the Taj Mahal)\r\n\r\n• Myers, Alice. \"Shah Jahan Builds the Taj Mahal.\" Great Events from History: The Seventeenth Century 1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem Press 2006. Salem history web. 01 oct. 2011\r\n(This Article was used to fill historical gaps of the Taj Mahal)\r\n\r\n• Swati Chattopadhyay \"Taj Mahal.\"  The Oxford Encyclopedia of Modern World. Ed PeterN. Stearns. Oxford University Press, 2008. Austin Community College. 2 October 2011\r\n(Used this Article to show how the taj was build and its present popularity)\r\n\r\n• <a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>. \"Architecture of the Taj Mahal Agra.\" 2010. Indian Visit Pvt. Ltd. 02 oct 2011\r\n<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com/taj-mahal-agra/architecture-of-the-tajmahal.html\">http://www.agrahub.com/taj-mahal-agra/architecture-of-the-tajmahal.html</a>\r\n(Used this article to compare the Taj Mahal to the Palace of Versailles)\r\n\r\n• <a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>. \"...the Mughal dynasty\" 1995-2011. PBS Foundation. 02 oct 2011.\r\n<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html\">http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html</a>\r\n(Used this Article to describe the Mughal power)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','The Taj Mahal','','inherit','open','open','','1884-revision-3','','','2011-10-12 09:46:01','2011-10-12 15:46:01','',1884,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1888',0,'revision','',0),(1889,47,'2011-10-12 09:47:36','2011-10-12 15:47:36','<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Taj-Mahal_1.jpg\"><img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1885\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Taj-Mahal_1-300x204.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\" /></a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/\">http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\r\nThe Taj Mahal, also known as Tadj Mahall(Encyclopedia Britannica), is a symbol of love that was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal during the 17th century. The Taj which means crown (Bartholet, Jeffrey), was built in order to immortalize the emperors beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal(“Chosen of the palace”) that died at child birth(Encyclopedia Britannica). The Taj Mahal must be preserved for future generations in order to remember the symbol of love represented by monumental artistic architecture.</p>\r\nThe Mughal Empire was at the height of its dominion when Shah Jahan became the emperor. Shah Jahan grandfather, Akbar, had brought wealth and dominion to northern India. “Akbar defeated the Afghans and firmly established Mughal supremacy in northern India, bringing the empire to the height of its power and wealth. He was the Grand Mughal, renowned even in the most distant corners of the civilized world.” (<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>) The Mughal empire was able to succeed due to Akbar, because with the wealth came the interest of arts and progress in architecture. It was Shah Jahan father, Jahangir, who brought the interest in arts and inspired a golden age in the Mughal Empire. With the immense power and wealth, it became tradition for Mughal emperors to demonstrate their power with palaces and art. It is from this era that the English word mogul was created, as someone that has much power and wealth. (<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>) The Taj Mahal took over 20,000 workers under the chief architect Ahmad Lahawri. Construction started in 1632 and was finalized by 1647(Encyclopedia Britannica). “Stone carvers and brick layers, calligrapher and masters of gemstones inlay lapis lazuli came from Afghanistan, jade from China, coral from Arabia and rubies from Sri Lanka.”( Bartholet, Jeffrey)\r\n\r\nThe Mughal period marked a time of enrichment for architectures and art, implementing various styles. “Under the patronage of Mughal emperors, Persian, Indian, and various provincial styles were fused to produce works of unusual quality and refinement.”( Swati Chattopadhyay) The first of its style was the tomb of emperor Humayun at Delhi which showed strong Persian influence. Then, under emperor Akbar, came the monumental Victory Gate “one of the finest mosques of the Mughal period.”(Swati Chattopadhyay) The height of its era came under Shah Jahan with the magnificent Taj Mahal which had Persian influence like the tomb of Humayun. “The use of the double dome, a recessed archway inside a rectangular fronton, and park like surrounding are all typical of Shah Jahan period buildings. Symmetry and balance between the parts of a building were always stressed, while the delicacy of detail in Shah Jahan decorative work has seldom been surpassed.”( Swati Chattopadhyay) The Taj Mahal is a monument of love that has not been surpassed by any other palace of its origin; it is unique for the period, and original in detail to its style.\r\n\r\nAlthough the Taj is beautiful, it was never completed, as Shah Jahan intended to build another palace across the river connecting it by a bridge to the Taj Mahal. The idea was that the Taj Mahal would be the tomb of his wife and the second building would be the tomb of Shah Jahan. But, Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzed, and was imprisoned in the Agra fort (Encyclopedia Britannica). “According to legend, Shad Jahan spent the last eight years of his life starring at the Taj Mahal through a window at the fort. On January 22, 1666, he died and joined his beloved queen, Mumtaz Mahal, at the Taj Mahal.”(Myers, Alice) During the time of Shah Jahan’s son, Aurengzed, the arts and architecture decline in the Mughal Empire due to Aurangzed Muslim believe that “Islam in India was in danger of being spiritually diluted by heresy and heterodoxy.” (Hambly, Gavin R. G.)\r\n\r\nIf there were ever two reigns that could be compared for that era it would be Luis XIV and Shah Jahan, as they both brought arts and culture to their empires. Under their reigns two splendid palaces were build, the palace of Versailles and the Taj Mahal. They are both share eloquent gardens and immense use of space. Versailles palace demonstrates different themes for each room as it is larger than the Taj Mahal. There are rooms in the palace of Versailles that are dedicated to past kings and to victorious wars, but the most luxuries room would be the Galerie Des Glaces(Hall of Mirrors). The Hall of Mirrors is surrounded with magnificent “frescos, marble pilasters, and gilded bronze capitals, and furnished with ornate candelabra and bejeweled trees.”(Fiero) mirrors were used to face the windows that open into the garden which created a “brilliant counterpoint of image and reflection.”(Fiero) The gardens at Versailles feature more geometric shapes, sparkling fountains, artificial lakes, gottoes, zoos, theaters and outdoor rooms.(Fiero) The Taj Mahal smaller in size is more complex structures than the palace of Versailles. “These structures include the Darwaza or main gateway, the Bageecha or garden, the Masjid or mosque, the Naqqar Khaana or guest house and the Rauza or mausoleum.”(<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>)  The Taj Mahal is made of marble which changes colors depending of the time of the day (“Marble is of crystalline composition, allowing light to enter rather deeply before it is reflected”). (Bartholet, Jeffrey) The Taj also depicts geometric figures but as piedra dura, which is a style of inlaying precious stones. These stones represent inscriptions from the Quran and designs of flowers and plants (<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>). Both of these palaces use fountains to mirror images, although, the Taj Mahal uses the tree line pool to create an illusion that the mausoleum is floating, while the fountains at Versailles are used to mirror the sculptures (Fiero). These two palaces were exclusive for its time, even though, they both served different purposes. Versailles was the king’s palace while the Taj was a burial monument for love.\r\n\r\nDuring the nineteenth century the Taj Mahal became a favored picnic site between colonial Englishmen, who though of the place as a romantic monument rather than a tomb. The iconicity that the Englishmen gave to the Taj Mahal became popular culture around the world and it is now seen as a symbol for love and Hindu culture (Swati Chattopadhyay). The Taj is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and it is now one of the most visited tourist attractions known. “In 1983, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, And Cultural organization(UNESCO) designated the Taj Mahal a World Heritage Site, a recognition given to a place or building of major import to the common heritage of human kind and, thus, worthy of preservation.”(Myers, Alice)\r\n\r\nI consider this to be one of the most splendid buildings in the world and would love to have the opportunity to some day visit the Taj Mahal.  It is without a doubt one of the most popular sites in the world, everyone has seen the beautiful mausoleum reflected from the pool on a picture or on a commercial. This is worth preserving for the future generations to understand the beauty of love in a different era and to value the Islamic culture. It is a monument that future generations must conserve and not let it fall to erosion or deterioration of contaminant as it has happened in the past. (Bartholet, Jeffrey) Measurements have been taken to conserve the Taj Mahal and I hope that its beauty will inspire other to conserve it for the future.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Work Cited</p>\r\n• Bartholet, Jeffrey. \"Taj Mahal.\" Smithonian, Article. vol. 42 Issue 5, p44-57. sep 2011\r\n(This article gave great examples of the Architecture and helped with some historical facts.)\r\n\r\n• Hambly, Gavin R. G. \"Rajut Rebellion.\" Great Events from History: The Seventeenth Century 1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem Press, 2006. Salem History Web. 01 Oct 2011\r\n(This Article gave great historical insight)\r\n\r\n• Fiero.\r\n(Used to compare the palace of Versailles to the Taj Mahal)\r\n\r\n• Myers, Alice. \"Shah Jahan Builds the Taj Mahal.\" Great Events from History: The Seventeenth Century 1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem Press 2006. Salem history web. 01 oct. 2011\r\n(This Article was used to fill historical gaps of the Taj Mahal)\r\n\r\n• Swati Chattopadhyay \"Taj Mahal.\"  The Oxford Encyclopedia of Modern World. Ed PeterN. Stearns. Oxford University Press, 2008. Austin Community College. 2 October 2011\r\n(Used this Article to show how the taj was build and its present popularity)\r\n\r\n• <a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>. \"Architecture of the Taj Mahal Agra.\" 2010. Indian Visit Pvt. Ltd. 02 oct 2011\r\n<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com/taj-mahal-agra/architecture-of-the-tajmahal.html\">http://www.agrahub.com/taj-mahal-agra/architecture-of-the-tajmahal.html</a>\r\n(Used this article to compare the Taj Mahal to the Palace of Versailles)\r\n\r\n• <a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>. \"...the Mughal dynasty\" 1995-2011. PBS Foundation. 02 oct 2011.\r\n<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html\">http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html</a>\r\n(Used this Article to describe the Mughal power)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','The Taj Mahal','','inherit','open','open','','1884-revision-4','','','2011-10-12 09:47:36','2011-10-12 15:47:36','',1884,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1889',0,'revision','',0),(1890,47,'2011-10-12 09:48:08','2011-10-12 15:48:08','<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Taj-Mahal_1.jpg\"><img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1885\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Taj-Mahal_1-300x204.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\" /></a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/\">http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\r\nThe Taj Mahal, also known as Tadj Mahall(Encyclopedia Britannica), is a symbol of love that was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal during the 17th century. The Taj which means crown (Bartholet, Jeffrey), was built in order to immortalize the emperors beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal(“Chosen of the palace”) that died at child birth(Encyclopedia Britannica). The Taj Mahal must be preserved for future generations in order to remember the symbol of love represented by monumental artistic architecture.</p>\r\nThe Mughal Empire was at the height of its dominion when Shah Jahan became the emperor. Shah Jahan grandfather, Akbar, had brought wealth and dominion to northern India. “Akbar defeated the Afghans and firmly established Mughal supremacy in northern India, bringing the empire to the height of its power and wealth. He was the Grand Mughal, renowned even in the most distant corners of the civilized world.” (<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>) The Mughal empire was able to succeed due to Akbar, because with the wealth came the interest of arts and progress in architecture. It was Shah Jahan father, Jahangir, who brought the interest in arts and inspired a golden age in the Mughal Empire. With the immense power and wealth, it became tradition for Mughal emperors to demonstrate their power with palaces and art. It is from this era that the English word mogul was created, as someone that has much power and wealth. (<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>) The Taj Mahal took over 20,000 workers under the chief architect Ahmad Lahawri. Construction started in 1632 and was finalized by 1647(Encyclopedia Britannica). “Stone carvers and brick layers, calligrapher and masters of gemstones inlay lapis lazuli came from Afghanistan, jade from China, coral from Arabia and rubies from Sri Lanka.”( Bartholet, Jeffrey)\r\n\r\nThe Mughal period marked a time of enrichment for architectures and art, implementing various styles. “Under the patronage of Mughal emperors, Persian, Indian, and various provincial styles were fused to produce works of unusual quality and refinement.”( Swati Chattopadhyay) The first of its style was the tomb of emperor Humayun at Delhi which showed strong Persian influence. Then, under emperor Akbar, came the monumental Victory Gate “one of the finest mosques of the Mughal period.”(Swati Chattopadhyay) The height of its era came under Shah Jahan with the magnificent Taj Mahal which had Persian influence like the tomb of Humayun. “The use of the double dome, a recessed archway inside a rectangular fronton, and park like surrounding are all typical of Shah Jahan period buildings. Symmetry and balance between the parts of a building were always stressed, while the delicacy of detail in Shah Jahan decorative work has seldom been surpassed.”( Swati Chattopadhyay) The Taj Mahal is a monument of love that has not been surpassed by any other palace of its origin; it is unique for the period, and original in detail to its style.\r\n\r\nAlthough the Taj is beautiful, it was never completed, as Shah Jahan intended to build another palace across the river connecting it by a bridge to the Taj Mahal. The idea was that the Taj Mahal would be the tomb of his wife and the second building would be the tomb of Shah Jahan. But, Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzed, and was imprisoned in the Agra fort (Encyclopedia Britannica). “According to legend, Shad Jahan spent the last eight years of his life starring at the Taj Mahal through a window at the fort. On January 22, 1666, he died and joined his beloved queen, Mumtaz Mahal, at the Taj Mahal.”(Myers, Alice) During the time of Shah Jahan’s son, Aurengzed, the arts and architecture decline in the Mughal Empire due to Aurangzed Muslim believe that “Islam in India was in danger of being spiritually diluted by heresy and heterodoxy.” (Hambly, Gavin R. G.)\r\n\r\nIf there were ever two reigns that could be compared for that era it would be Luis XIV and Shah Jahan, as they both brought arts and culture to their empires. Under their reigns two splendid palaces were build, the palace of Versailles and the Taj Mahal. They are both share eloquent gardens and immense use of space. Versailles palace demonstrates different themes for each room as it is larger than the Taj Mahal. There are rooms in the palace of Versailles that are dedicated to past kings and to victorious wars, but the most luxuries room would be the Galerie Des Glaces(Hall of Mirrors). The Hall of Mirrors is surrounded with magnificent “frescos, marble pilasters, and gilded bronze capitals, and furnished with ornate candelabra and bejeweled trees.”(Fiero) mirrors were used to face the windows that open into the garden which created a “brilliant counterpoint of image and reflection.”(Fiero) The gardens at Versailles feature more geometric shapes, sparkling fountains, artificial lakes, gottoes, zoos, theaters and outdoor rooms.(Fiero) The Taj Mahal smaller in size is more complex structures than the palace of Versailles. “These structures include the Darwaza or main gateway, the Bageecha or garden, the Masjid or mosque, the Naqqar Khaana or guest house and the Rauza or mausoleum.”(<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>)  The Taj Mahal is made of marble which changes colors depending of the time of the day (“Marble is of crystalline composition, allowing light to enter rather deeply before it is reflected”). (Bartholet, Jeffrey) The Taj also depicts geometric figures but as piedra dura, which is a style of inlaying precious stones. These stones represent inscriptions from the Quran and designs of flowers and plants (<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>). Both of these palaces use fountains to mirror images, although, the Taj Mahal uses the tree line pool to create an illusion that the mausoleum is floating, while the fountains at Versailles are used to mirror the sculptures (Fiero). These two palaces were exclusive for its time, even though, they both served different purposes. Versailles was the king’s palace while the Taj was a burial monument for love.\r\n\r\nDuring the nineteenth century the Taj Mahal became a favored picnic site between colonial Englishmen, who though of the place as a romantic monument rather than a tomb. The iconicity that the Englishmen gave to the Taj Mahal became popular culture around the world and it is now seen as a symbol for love and Hindu culture (Swati Chattopadhyay). The Taj is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and it is now one of the most visited tourist attractions known. “In 1983, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, And Cultural organization(UNESCO) designated the Taj Mahal a World Heritage Site, a recognition given to a place or building of major import to the common heritage of human kind and, thus, worthy of preservation.”(Myers, Alice)\r\n\r\nI consider this to be one of the most splendid buildings in the world and would love to have the opportunity to some day visit the Taj Mahal.  It is without a doubt one of the most popular sites in the world, everyone has seen the beautiful mausoleum reflected from the pool on a picture or on a commercial. This is worth preserving for the future generations to understand the beauty of love in a different era and to value the Islamic culture. It is a monument that future generations must conserve and not let it fall to erosion or deterioration of contaminant as it has happened in the past. (Bartholet, Jeffrey) Measurements have been taken to conserve the Taj Mahal and I hope that its beauty will inspire other to conserve it for the future.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Work Cited</p>\r\n• Bartholet, Jeffrey. \"Taj Mahal.\" Smithonian, Article. vol. 42 Issue 5, p44-57. sep 2011\r\n(This article gave great examples of the Architecture and helped with some historical facts.)\r\n\r\n• Hambly, Gavin R. G. \"Rajut Rebellion.\" Great Events from History: The Seventeenth Century 1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem Press, 2006. Salem History Web. 01 Oct 2011\r\n(This Article gave great historical insight)\r\n\r\n• Fiero.\r\n(Used to compare the palace of Versailles to the Taj Mahal)\r\n\r\n• Myers, Alice. \"Shah Jahan Builds the Taj Mahal.\" Great Events from History: The Seventeenth Century 1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem Press 2006. Salem history web. 01 oct. 2011\r\n(This Article was used to fill historical gaps of the Taj Mahal)\r\n\r\n• Swati Chattopadhyay \"Taj Mahal.\"  The Oxford Encyclopedia of Modern World. Ed PeterN. Stearns. Oxford University Press, 2008. Austin Community College. 2 October 2011\r\n(Used this Article to show how the taj was build and its present popularity)\r\n\r\n• <a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>. \"Architecture of the Taj Mahal Agra.\" 2010. Indian Visit Pvt. Ltd. 02 oct 2011\r\n<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com/taj-mahal-agra/architecture-of-the-tajmahal.html\">http://www.agrahub.com/taj-mahal-agra/architecture-of-the-tajmahal.html</a>\r\n(Used this article to compare the Taj Mahal to the Palace of Versailles)\r\n\r\n• <a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>. \"...the Mughal dynasty\" 1995-2011. PBS Foundation. 02 oct 2011.\r\n<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html\">http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html</a>\r\n(Used this Article to describe the Mughal power)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','The Taj Mahal','','inherit','open','open','','1884-revision-5','','','2011-10-12 09:48:08','2011-10-12 15:48:08','',1884,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1890',0,'revision','',0),(1891,47,'2011-10-12 09:48:57','2011-10-12 15:48:57','<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Taj-Mahal_1.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1885 aligncenter\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Taj-Mahal_1-300x204.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\" /></a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/\">http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\r\nThe Taj Mahal, also known as Tadj Mahall(Encyclopedia Britannica), is a symbol of love that was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal during the 17th century. The Taj which means crown (Bartholet, Jeffrey), was built in order to immortalize the emperors beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal(“Chosen of the palace”) that died at child birth(Encyclopedia Britannica). The Taj Mahal must be preserved for future generations in order to remember the symbol of love represented by monumental artistic architecture.</p>\r\nThe Mughal Empire was at the height of its dominion when Shah Jahan became the emperor. Shah Jahan grandfather, Akbar, had brought wealth and dominion to northern India. “Akbar defeated the Afghans and firmly established Mughal supremacy in northern India, bringing the empire to the height of its power and wealth. He was the Grand Mughal, renowned even in the most distant corners of the civilized world.” (<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>) The Mughal empire was able to succeed due to Akbar, because with the wealth came the interest of arts and progress in architecture. It was Shah Jahan father, Jahangir, who brought the interest in arts and inspired a golden age in the Mughal Empire. With the immense power and wealth, it became tradition for Mughal emperors to demonstrate their power with palaces and art. It is from this era that the English word mogul was created, as someone that has much power and wealth. (<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>) The Taj Mahal took over 20,000 workers under the chief architect Ahmad Lahawri. Construction started in 1632 and was finalized by 1647(Encyclopedia Britannica). “Stone carvers and brick layers, calligrapher and masters of gemstones inlay lapis lazuli came from Afghanistan, jade from China, coral from Arabia and rubies from Sri Lanka.”( Bartholet, Jeffrey)\r\n\r\nThe Mughal period marked a time of enrichment for architectures and art, implementing various styles. “Under the patronage of Mughal emperors, Persian, Indian, and various provincial styles were fused to produce works of unusual quality and refinement.”( Swati Chattopadhyay) The first of its style was the tomb of emperor Humayun at Delhi which showed strong Persian influence. Then, under emperor Akbar, came the monumental Victory Gate “one of the finest mosques of the Mughal period.”(Swati Chattopadhyay) The height of its era came under Shah Jahan with the magnificent Taj Mahal which had Persian influence like the tomb of Humayun. “The use of the double dome, a recessed archway inside a rectangular fronton, and park like surrounding are all typical of Shah Jahan period buildings. Symmetry and balance between the parts of a building were always stressed, while the delicacy of detail in Shah Jahan decorative work has seldom been surpassed.”( Swati Chattopadhyay) The Taj Mahal is a monument of love that has not been surpassed by any other palace of its origin; it is unique for the period, and original in detail to its style.\r\n\r\nAlthough the Taj is beautiful, it was never completed, as Shah Jahan intended to build another palace across the river connecting it by a bridge to the Taj Mahal. The idea was that the Taj Mahal would be the tomb of his wife and the second building would be the tomb of Shah Jahan. But, Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzed, and was imprisoned in the Agra fort (Encyclopedia Britannica). “According to legend, Shad Jahan spent the last eight years of his life starring at the Taj Mahal through a window at the fort. On January 22, 1666, he died and joined his beloved queen, Mumtaz Mahal, at the Taj Mahal.”(Myers, Alice) During the time of Shah Jahan’s son, Aurengzed, the arts and architecture decline in the Mughal Empire due to Aurangzed Muslim believe that “Islam in India was in danger of being spiritually diluted by heresy and heterodoxy.” (Hambly, Gavin R. G.)\r\n\r\nIf there were ever two reigns that could be compared for that era it would be Luis XIV and Shah Jahan, as they both brought arts and culture to their empires. Under their reigns two splendid palaces were build, the palace of Versailles and the Taj Mahal. They are both share eloquent gardens and immense use of space. Versailles palace demonstrates different themes for each room as it is larger than the Taj Mahal. There are rooms in the palace of Versailles that are dedicated to past kings and to victorious wars, but the most luxuries room would be the Galerie Des Glaces(Hall of Mirrors). The Hall of Mirrors is surrounded with magnificent “frescos, marble pilasters, and gilded bronze capitals, and furnished with ornate candelabra and bejeweled trees.”(Fiero) mirrors were used to face the windows that open into the garden which created a “brilliant counterpoint of image and reflection.”(Fiero) The gardens at Versailles feature more geometric shapes, sparkling fountains, artificial lakes, gottoes, zoos, theaters and outdoor rooms.(Fiero) The Taj Mahal smaller in size is more complex structures than the palace of Versailles. “These structures include the Darwaza or main gateway, the Bageecha or garden, the Masjid or mosque, the Naqqar Khaana or guest house and the Rauza or mausoleum.”(<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>)  The Taj Mahal is made of marble which changes colors depending of the time of the day (“Marble is of crystalline composition, allowing light to enter rather deeply before it is reflected”). (Bartholet, Jeffrey) The Taj also depicts geometric figures but as piedra dura, which is a style of inlaying precious stones. These stones represent inscriptions from the Quran and designs of flowers and plants (<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>). Both of these palaces use fountains to mirror images, although, the Taj Mahal uses the tree line pool to create an illusion that the mausoleum is floating, while the fountains at Versailles are used to mirror the sculptures (Fiero). These two palaces were exclusive for its time, even though, they both served different purposes. Versailles was the king’s palace while the Taj was a burial monument for love.\r\n\r\nDuring the nineteenth century the Taj Mahal became a favored picnic site between colonial Englishmen, who though of the place as a romantic monument rather than a tomb. The iconicity that the Englishmen gave to the Taj Mahal became popular culture around the world and it is now seen as a symbol for love and Hindu culture (Swati Chattopadhyay). The Taj is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and it is now one of the most visited tourist attractions known. “In 1983, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, And Cultural organization(UNESCO) designated the Taj Mahal a World Heritage Site, a recognition given to a place or building of major import to the common heritage of human kind and, thus, worthy of preservation.”(Myers, Alice)\r\n\r\nI consider this to be one of the most splendid buildings in the world and would love to have the opportunity to some day visit the Taj Mahal.  It is without a doubt one of the most popular sites in the world, everyone has seen the beautiful mausoleum reflected from the pool on a picture or on a commercial. This is worth preserving for the future generations to understand the beauty of love in a different era and to value the Islamic culture. It is a monument that future generations must conserve and not let it fall to erosion or deterioration of contaminant as it has happened in the past. (Bartholet, Jeffrey) Measurements have been taken to conserve the Taj Mahal and I hope that its beauty will inspire other to conserve it for the future.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Work Cited</p>\r\n• Bartholet, Jeffrey. \"Taj Mahal.\" Smithonian, Article. vol. 42 Issue 5, p44-57. sep 2011\r\n(This article gave great examples of the Architecture and helped with some historical facts.)\r\n\r\n• Hambly, Gavin R. G. \"Rajut Rebellion.\" Great Events from History: The Seventeenth Century 1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem Press, 2006. Salem History Web. 01 Oct 2011\r\n(This Article gave great historical insight)\r\n\r\n• Fiero.\r\n(Used to compare the palace of Versailles to the Taj Mahal)\r\n\r\n• Myers, Alice. \"Shah Jahan Builds the Taj Mahal.\" Great Events from History: The Seventeenth Century 1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem Press 2006. Salem history web. 01 oct. 2011\r\n(This Article was used to fill historical gaps of the Taj Mahal)\r\n\r\n• Swati Chattopadhyay \"Taj Mahal.\"  The Oxford Encyclopedia of Modern World. Ed PeterN. Stearns. Oxford University Press, 2008. Austin Community College. 2 October 2011\r\n(Used this Article to show how the taj was build and its present popularity)\r\n\r\n• <a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>. \"Architecture of the Taj Mahal Agra.\" 2010. Indian Visit Pvt. Ltd. 02 oct 2011\r\n<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com/taj-mahal-agra/architecture-of-the-tajmahal.html\">http://www.agrahub.com/taj-mahal-agra/architecture-of-the-tajmahal.html</a>\r\n(Used this article to compare the Taj Mahal to the Palace of Versailles)\r\n\r\n• <a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>. \"...the Mughal dynasty\" 1995-2011. PBS Foundation. 02 oct 2011.\r\n<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html\">http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html</a>\r\n(Used this Article to describe the Mughal power)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','The Taj Mahal','','inherit','open','open','','1884-revision-6','','','2011-10-12 09:48:57','2011-10-12 15:48:57','',1884,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1891',0,'revision','',0),(1892,52,'2011-10-12 12:54:17','2011-10-12 18:54:17','','imgres','','inherit','open','open','','imgres','','','2011-10-12 12:54:17','2011-10-12 18:54:17','',1867,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/imgres.jpg',0,'attachment','image/jpeg',0),(1893,1,'2011-10-21 10:57:09','2011-10-21 16:57:09','<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/imgres.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-1892 aligncenter\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/imgres.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"136\" height=\"160\" /></a></span></span>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"> <span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">http://content.answcdn.com/main/content/img/webpics/John_Locke.jpg</span></span></p>\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">During the enlightenment a time in which people were trying to figure out how they relate to each other and the world around them came the question of what should be the role of the government and who is the ultimate authority. Although not the first to write a thesis on how the government relates to the governed John Locke became popular for his views of popular sovereignty that is that the power ultimately rests with the people which therefore means government can only be formed by the consent of the community and that if that government ultimately becomes corrupt then the people have the right to abolish it. Not only was this idea popular in its time by helping to justify glorious revolution but Locke\'s two treaties on civil government which was written around the time of the glorious revolution (1690) also helped shape the declaration of independence “governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,” I believe that this document is important enough to keep because it has shaped our lives so much by the way in which government is , that it should be kept for future generation so that they have a basis for future space communities .</span></span>\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><!--more-->Written during a time of change in England which included but not limed to the glorious revolution and the beheading of </span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">King Charles I,</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> John Locke went to set out why we needed government. Although their were other documents that either attacked or praised the kings position John Locke mainly compared his view to that of Thomas Hobbes essay </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. It was similar to Thomas Hobbes </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> in that they both believed that government is necessary to protect the people and once the government is created, rights of the people have to be given up ,how it differed from </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\',serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> was in how he viewed the rights of the ruled. Thomas Hobbes believed once the people consented to a formed government they gave up all rights and all power laid with the ruler or king and that the governed must be passive servants which must be ruled through fear but in john Locke\'s second treatise he disputes those claims by saying the people can form governments out of reason and once created, be constantly critiqued and through their critique eventually if may eventually find that their government has become corrupt have the right to overthrow it and create a new one.</span></span>\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">At first John Locke\'s two treatises were not given a lot of attention Martynp Thompson in his article about the reception of the the 2 treatises at the time of their publication puts it as “Treatises occasioned no great immediate response” but “was thus certainly growing”. This lack of response was because of some of Locke\'s ideas were already popular among the Whigs and already stated in other published articles written by other more popular people of the day,so Locke\'s articles gained little attention when they were first released. Though his main reason for writing it was for justifying the glorious revolution it did not satisfy others, as it was too much of philosophical reasoning that did not include much of the context of the situation of the actual revolution that they felt was necessary in the argument. Not only was it not seen fit to justify the revolution it was also frowned upon because it also justified a whole new constitution if the people see fit, which the parliament did not like since they wanted to revive the ancient constitution.</span></span>\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Though not having as a dramatic effect when it was first released it eventually became the main point for the Whigs and eventually affected Thomas Jefferson in his writing of the deceleration of independence which has effected how a lot of countries base their government and in turn affects the way we live life today. I believe John Locke’s work has become more relevant today because unlike other articles that were popular right after the revolution broke because they referred and gave direct evidence for what was happening during the time, Locke gave a broader scope of how governments should be run and this broader scope can be more easily applied in today’s times.</span></span>\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">I hope in the future they will realize the main important idea of this document that I believe to be that government should be created for the people and run by the people and protect the people.</span></span>\n\nCitation Page\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Waldman, Theodore. \"Of Civil Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">World Philosophers &amp; Their Works</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> (2000): 1-5. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Swygart, Glenn L. \"Two Treatises of Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Masterplots, Fourth Edition</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> (2010): 1-3. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\"Two Treatises of Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Ethics (Ready Reference series)</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> (1994): 1. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Thompson, Martyn P. \"THE RECEPTION OF LOCKE\'S TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT 1690-1705.\"Political Studies 24.2 (1976): 184-191. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. </span></span></span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. Print. </span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif; font-size: x-small;\">\n</span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;','John Locke on Civil Government','','inherit','open','open','','1867-autosave','','','2011-10-21 10:57:09','2011-10-21 16:57:09','',1867,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1893',0,'revision','',0),(1894,52,'2011-10-11 08:12:15','2011-10-11 14:12:15','<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">During the enlightenment a time in which people were trying to figure out how they relate to each other and the world around them came the question of what should be the role of the government and who is the ultimate authority. Although not the first to write a thesis on how the government relates to the governed John Locke became popular for his views of popular sovereignty that is that the power ultimately rests with the people which therefore means government can only be formed by the consent of the community and that if that government ultimately becomes corrupt then the people have the right to abolish it. Not only was this idea popular in its time by helping to justify glorious revolution but Locke\'s two treaties on civil government which was written around the time of the glorious revolution (1690) also helped shape the declaration of independence “governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,” I believe that this document is important enough to keep because it has shaped our lives so much by the way in which government is , that it should be kept for future generation so that they have a basis for future space communities .</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><!--more--></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Written during a time of change in England which included but not limed to the glorious revolution and the beheading of </span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">King Charles I,</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> John Locke went to set out why we needed government. Although their were other documents that either attacked or praised the kings position John Locke mainly compared his view to that of Thomas Hobbes essay </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. It was similar to Thomas Hobbes </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> in that they both believed that government is necessary to protect the people and once the government is created, rights of the people have to be given up ,how it differed from </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> was in how he viewed the rights of the ruled. Thomas Hobbes believed once the people consented to a formed government they gave up all rights and all power laid with the ruler or king and that the governed must be passive servants which must be ruled through fear but in john Locke\'s second treatise he disputes those claims by saying the people can form governments out of reason and once created, be constantly critiqued and through their critique eventually if may eventually find that their government has become corrupt have the right to overthrow it and create a new one.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> At first John Locke\'s two treatises were not given a lot of attention Martynp Thompson in his article about the reception of the the 2 treatises at the time of their publication puts it as “Treatises occasioned no great immediate response” but “was thus certainly growing”. This lack of response was because of some of Locke\'s ideas were already popular among the Whigs and already stated in other published articles written by other more popular people of the day,so Locke\'s articles gained little attention when they were first released. Though his main reason for writing it was for justifying the glorious revolution it did not satisfy others, as it was too much of philosophical reasoning that did not include much of the context of the situation of the actual revolution that they felt was necessary in the argument. Not only was it not seen fit to justify the revolution it was also frowned upon because it also justified a whole new constitution if the people see fit, which the parliament did not like since they wanted to revive the ancient constitution.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Though not having as a dramatic effect when it was first released it eventually became the main point for the Whigs and eventually affected Thomas Jefferson in his writing of the deceleration of independence which has effected how a lot of countries base their government and in turn affects the way we live life today. I believe John Locke’s work has become more relevant today because unlike other articles that were popular right after the revolution broke because they referred and gave direct evidence for what was happening during the time, Locke gave a broader scope of how governments should be run and this broader scope can be more easily applied in today’s times.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> I hope in the future they will realize the main important idea of this document that I believe to be that government should be created for the people and run by the people and protect the people.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nCitation Page\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Waldman, Theodore. \"Of Civil Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">World Philosophers &amp; Their Works</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> (2000): 1-5. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Swygart, Glenn L. \"Two Treatises of Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Masterplots, Fourth Edition</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> (2010): 1-3. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Two Treatises of Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Ethics (Ready Reference series)</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> (1994): 1. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Thompson, Martyn P. \"THE RECEPTION OF LOCKE\'S TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT 1690-1705.\"Political Studies 24.2 (1976): 184-191. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. </span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. Print. </span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;font-size: x-small\">\r\n</span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','John','','inherit','open','open','','1867-revision-3','','','2011-10-11 08:12:15','2011-10-11 14:12:15','',1867,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1894',0,'revision','',0),(1918,1,'2011-10-12 12:58:20','2011-10-12 18:58:20','<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/imgres.jpg\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1892\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/imgres.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"136\" height=\"160\" /></a></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://content.answcdn.com/main/content/img/webpics/John_Locke.jpg</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">During the enlightenment a time in which people were trying to figure out how they relate to each other and the world around them came the question of what should be the role of the government and who is the ultimate authority. Although not the first to write a thesis on how the government relates to the governed John Locke became popular for his views of popular sovereignty that is that the power ultimately rests with the people which therefore means government can only be formed by the consent of the community and that if that government ultimately becomes corrupt then the people have the right to abolish it. Not only was this idea popular in its time by helping to justify glorious revolution but Locke\'s two treaties on civil government which was written around the time of the glorious revolution (1690) also helped shape the declaration of independence “governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,” I believe that this document is important enough to keep because it has shaped our lives so much by the way in which government is , that it should be kept for future generation so that they have a basis for future space communities .</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><!--more--></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Written during a time of change in England which included but not limed to the glorious revolution and the beheading of </span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">King Charles I,</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> John Locke went to set out why we needed government. Although their were other documents that either attacked or praised the kings position John Locke mainly compared his view to that of Thomas Hobbes essay </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. It was similar to Thomas Hobbes </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> in that they both believed that government is necessary to protect the people and once the government is created, rights of the people have to be given up ,how it differed from </span></span><span style=\"color: #333333\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Leviathan</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> was in how he viewed the rights of the ruled. Thomas Hobbes believed once the people consented to a formed government they gave up all rights and all power laid with the ruler or king and that the governed must be passive servants which must be ruled through fear but in john Locke\'s second treatise he disputes those claims by saying the people can form governments out of reason and once created, be constantly critiqued and through their critique eventually if may eventually find that their government has become corrupt have the right to overthrow it and create a new one.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> At first John Locke\'s two treatises were not given a lot of attention Martynp Thompson in his article about the reception of the the 2 treatises at the time of their publication puts it as “Treatises occasioned no great immediate response” but “was thus certainly growing”. This lack of response was because of some of Locke\'s ideas were already popular among the Whigs and already stated in other published articles written by other more popular people of the day,so Locke\'s articles gained little attention when they were first released. Though his main reason for writing it was for justifying the glorious revolution it did not satisfy others, as it was too much of philosophical reasoning that did not include much of the context of the situation of the actual revolution that they felt was necessary in the argument. Not only was it not seen fit to justify the revolution it was also frowned upon because it also justified a whole new constitution if the people see fit, which the parliament did not like since they wanted to revive the ancient constitution.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Though not having as a dramatic effect when it was first released it eventually became the main point for the Whigs and eventually affected Thomas Jefferson in his writing of the deceleration of independence which has effected how a lot of countries base their government and in turn affects the way we live life today. I believe John Locke’s work has become more relevant today because unlike other articles that were popular right after the revolution broke because they referred and gave direct evidence for what was happening during the time, Locke gave a broader scope of how governments should be run and this broader scope can be more easily applied in today’s times.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> I hope in the future they will realize the main important idea of this document that I believe to be that government should be created for the people and run by the people and protect the people.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nCitation Page\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Waldman, Theodore. \"Of Civil Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">World Philosophers &amp; Their Works</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> (2000): 1-5. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Swygart, Glenn L. \"Two Treatises of Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Masterplots, Fourth Edition</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> (2010): 1-3. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Two Treatises of Government.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Ethics (Ready Reference series)</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> (1994): 1. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">MagillOnLiterature Plus</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Thompson, Martyn P. \"THE RECEPTION OF LOCKE\'S TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT 1690-1705.\"Political Studies 24.2 (1976): 184-191. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. </span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. Print. </span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;font-size: x-small\">\r\n</span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','John Locke on Civil Government','','inherit','open','open','','1867-revision-4','','','2011-10-12 12:58:20','2011-10-12 18:58:20','',1867,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1918',0,'revision','',0),(1919,1,'2011-10-21 11:05:19','2011-10-21 17:05:19','','EssayOnMan','','inherit','open','open','','essayonman','','','2011-10-21 11:05:19','2011-10-21 17:05:19','',1846,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/EssayOnMan.jpg',0,'attachment','image/jpeg',0),(1896,50,'2011-10-12 08:47:12','2011-10-12 14:47:12','&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/remanatomy.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1880\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/remanatomy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"441\" height=\"290\" /></a><a href=\"http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml\">http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml</a></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"> </span>\r\n\r\nRembrandt (1606-1669) is considered to be “… one of the greatest storytellers in the history of art, possessing an exceptional ability to render people in their various moods and dramatic guises” (Britannica). Rembrandt was a true pioneer in the art form of painting creating masterful portraits of him and others whom he encountered. One of his most well known portraits is <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>(1632) and in this masterful painting, Rembrandt captures the image of one of the first anatomy lessons taught at the Amsterdam’s Surgeons Guild. <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>is a true testament to the brilliance of Rembrandt with his profound ability to use shade and light. The shading in the painting allows for Rembrandt to focus the attention of the painting to the faces of the students and the body of the cadaver. For the historical significance to be made from one of the first public anatomy lessons spurring from the time of renaissance in Europe, Rembrandts <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>should be preserved for future generations.<!--more-->\r\n\r\nRembrandt was of Dutch descent and is revered in the Dutch community as a fore founder of Dutch artwork, “In 17th-century Holland, group portraits were an immensely popular genre - they were a social institution, the symbol of an up-and-coming middle class.” (Masquelet) The Dutch are a proud people and “After thirty years of war to shake off the Spanish yoke, the seven northern provinces, including Holland, had gained their independence and established their right to trade freely.” (Masquelet) This was a time of great fortune for the Dutch people as trade with the West Indies became extremely lucrative for their economy. “In 1650, the annual yield of the shares in the two India Companies was 500%. Following their meteoric rise to fortune, the burghers of Amsterdam lived well, and loved to see their life reflected in art” (Masquelet).\r\n\r\nThe 1600s are associated with being the Baroque era, “Taken literally, the term means \"irregular\" and is applied generally to the dynamic and undisciplined artistic creativity of the seventeenth century”(HWI). Originating in Italy and spreading north throughout all of Europe the Dutch painters”… perfected their own characteristic style, which grew directly from their pride in political and commercial accomplishments and emphasized the beauty of local nature and the solidity of middle class life” (HWI). Rembrandt was head and shoulders above the rest of his Dutch counterparts as “… he produced works so universally human that they not only expressed Dutch cultural values but also transcended them.”(HWI)\r\n\r\nBefore Rembrandt became a world-renown painter, “From approximately 1620 to 1624/25, Rembrandt trained as an artist. As was quite common in his time, he had two masters in succession” (Britannica). Rembrandt was initially taught by Jacob van Swanenburgh (1571–1638) who “…was a specialist in architectural pieces and in scenes of hell and the underworld…”(Britannica). Thus leading scholars to believe this is where Rembrandt learned his great ability for the portrayal of light in his paintings.\r\nThe painting consists of Dr. Tulp conducting an anatomy lesson at the Amsterdam’s Surgeons guild with seven surgeons taking place in the lesson. At the time of the painting, the guild was only allowed one human dissection per year. The body being dissected was that of “A man called Aris Kindt [who] had been hanged for armed robbery” (Masquelet). The portrait depicts all of the characters in the lessons with all having different facial expressions. The ability for Rembrandt to bring out the expressions, mood, and attitudes of the scholars was very inventive at the time. The lesson itself is in question in the portrait as many have been led to believe that the lesson took place solely for the taking of the portrait. Stating that, “... Tulp wanted to show a phenomenon of particular interest to him, without going through all the usual stages of a teaching dissection” (Masquelet). This is also a phenomenon with the painting as no dissecting tools are shown, nor is the actual coroner pictured in the portrait either.\r\n\r\nRembrandt’s painting was extremely unique at its time, as the subject of the painting and the way it was painted were all relatively new to the 17<sup>th</sup> century. During the 17<sup>th</sup> century people weren’t regularly educated on anatomy; even the university level anatomists weren’t aware of all the human organs themselves. The painting depicts a changing time in the world of science, technology, and religion. By the faces of the surgeons being introduced to the human body we are able to experience the intensity of the lesson in the painting. The painting is a group portrait which was a rising theme at the time of Rembrandts painting <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp</em>. Art has not always been a sign of wealth, but during the time of the renaissance; being portrayed in a group portrait was considered to be high society. “The leading citizens would pay - and often pay very handsomely - for the privilege of being included in official group portraits“ (Masquelet). Often times then not, other artists may or may not use actual people in the paintings of a group. Nicolas Poussin’s <em>Triumph of David </em>, depicts David as he rejoices in his victory over the giant goliath.\r\n\r\nNicolas Poussin’s <em>Triumph of David  </em>is not<em> </em>a typical a group portrait as it uses religious creatures to portray a religious event. The painting lacks any real detail into the faces of the characters as the painting is trying to express the joy him and his family felt from the victory over goliath. Rembrandt’s anatomy lesson was an actual recreation of an event than had taken place in front of his eyes. The difference in the undertones of the painting is remarkable as most painters would stick to religious artwork to help fund themselves through church funded projects. The Triumph of David is a great painting as it has a great a religious context to it and the painting itself is a masterpiece. Rembrandts has no overlying religious meaning to it and he is able to capture the moment as he was actually there to witness the lesson. This helped make Rembrandts painting so vivid and lively, he uses shading and lighting to bring about life and death. Which is attempted in the painting by Poussin but there are so many different things going on at once it is hard to get the centralized view of the painting. With the anatomy lesson there is an obvious centralized focus point and that is of the corpse and Dr. Tulp.\r\n\r\nPoussin and Rembrandt were both remarkable painters and should be glorified for their contributions to the world of art. Poussin is able to recall a great time in history when the Great goliath is defeated by David. I feel like Rembrandt is able to recall an even more monumental event in history which is the study of anatomy. Anatomy is the study of the human body, and with it we are able to gain insights into ourselves and create medicine and other medical advances through the study of anatomy. Rembrandt captures a moment in time, where as Poussin recreates what he thinks the event would have looked like. This was typical of Dutch art at the time as he tried to paint life as real and simple as it was. We see the brilliance of light in the anatomy lesson to express the difference in death and life that contrasts with the corpse face with the face of the surgeons. In Poussin’s painting we see this to an effect with the painting of Goliath’s face on the stake next to David.\r\n\r\nAt the time of Rembrandts painting, there weren’t very many like it at all. The sheer quality he was able to put into the painting is remarkable, “Indeed, the artist’s concern with movement makes this painting the epitome of 17th-century European thinking: movement was central to the ideas of Descartes, Gassendi, Galileo, Leibniz, Newton - and Rembrandt“ (Masquelet). His painting was revered by all to be a masterpiece and a great recreation of the actual anatomy lesson.\r\n\r\nIn today’s time the portrait still receives accolades and is still well known for being a brilliant group portrait. “The picture still impresses us today by the dramatic concentration of the figures on Tulp\'s demonstration of the dissection of a forearm” (WGA). The photo will still hold significance for being able to recount one of the first public anatomy lessons to be held in the world today. Anatomy lessons are not conducted in the same manner today as they were then. With the ability to create fake bodies for classrooms and images of the human body, there aren’t anymore dead bodies to be analyzed for public viewing as there are human rights laws against this practice. I think the painting would have received a positive reception as Dr. Tulp is dissecting the body for scientific purposes and not just for pure evil fun. The painting even depicts this as ”… the Doctor himself defines the mood as clinical, in both senses, and thus shapes the attitude towards death as to a matter of fact occurrence, which should be dealt with scientifically…” (Art Critique).  Today we wouldn’t have any problem with the painting if it were for scientific reasons although there is always a group who will oppose anything.\r\n\r\nI personally find this painting to be very good, for its ability to depict an image of a real life event, and for the complexity of the shading performed by Rembrandt. The effects that are seen within this painting deal with the direct contrast between life and death. Rembrandt highlights the corpses body to contrast the black robes of the surgeons with its illuminated appearance. Although he uses a bit of shading of the corpse’s face to depict the lifelessness of the face and give off the inevitable stillness of death. The way that Rembrandt paints the surgeons faces is of particular amusement to me, as some surgeons seem to be bored or not interested, and there are others who are enthralled by the dissection and are paying very close attention the body. The face of the doctor is directed out towards an audience which would have paid money to see the dissection of the corpse. I would love to pay money to see a human body examined as we are not able to regularly go and pay for a body to be dissected every year.\r\n\r\nAlthough there was previous anatomy lessons that had taken place prior to the dissection of Aris Kindt. This was painted and exposed to the public, this wasn’t your typical dissection as they are claimed to start with the chest first as the lungs would perish fast along with the stomach. Rembrandt has used light to illuminate the portrait like no other group portrait had been created before. He was apart of a new era and a new style, and he created a style all his own. He was a master of light in paintings, and many painters followed in his footsteps to try and recreate life like images. He is able to capture movement and emotion in his painting and really let loose some of the true ideas of Renaissance. Rembrandts <em>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp </em>definitely deserves to be preserved in our Space Musuem as it will serve as an artistic guide to future civilizations as well as a historical guide as well.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"center\">WORKS CITED</p>\r\n\"<strong>The</strong> <strong>Anatomy</strong> <strong>Lesson</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Nicolaes</strong> <strong>Tulp</strong>.\" <em>Encyclopedia Britannica.  Encyclopedia Britannica Online Academic Edition</em>. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. &lt;<a href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/23096/The-Anatomy-Lesson-of-Dr-Nicolaes-Tulp\">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/23096/The-Anatomy-Lesson-of-Dr-Nicolaes-Tulp</a>&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis website was used for my initial knowledge of Rembrandt the person.\r\n\r\nMasquelet, A.C. \"REMBRANDT’S ANATOMY LESSON OF PROFESSOR NICOLAES TULP.\" <em>Maitrise Orthopedique</em>. Hôpital Avicenne - F-93009 Bobigny, September 2009. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/86_masquelet/masqueletus.shtml&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis website provided an artistic analaysis and critique of the painting\r\n\r\nVarious, Authors. \"The Baroque Erain the Arts.\" <em>History-World</em>. History World International, n.d. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://history-world.org/baroque_era.htm&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis website provided me with information about the baroque era\r\n\r\nKren, Emil, and Daniel Marx. \"REMBRANDT Harmenszoon van Rijn.\" <em>Web Gallery of Art</em>. Web Gallery Of Art, n.d. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/r/rembran/painting/group/anatomy.html&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis website gave me information about the painting and some artistic critique into the painting.\r\n\r\n\"Triumph of David.\" Photograph. <em>Art Gallery Religious</em>. Nicolas Poussin. Madrid: Lib-Art, 1627-30. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://www.lib-art.com/artgallery/15429-the-triumph-of-david-nicolas-poussin.html&gt;.\r\n\r\nThis is the website I used for the comparison photo, Triumph of David\r\n\r\n\"Rembrandt: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp.\" <em>Art &amp; Critique</em>. Art &amp; Critique, 08 12 2007. Web. 11 Oct 2011. &lt;http://artandcritique.com/rembrandt-the-anatomy-lesson-of-dr-nicolaes-tulp/&gt;.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','Rembrandt Anatomy Lesson','','inherit','open','open','','1879-revision-4','','','2011-10-12 08:47:12','2011-10-12 14:47:12','',1879,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1896',0,'revision','',0),(1897,1,'2011-10-12 09:50:11','2011-10-12 15:50:11','<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Taj-Mahal_1.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1885 aligncenter\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Taj-Mahal_1-300x204.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\" /></a><!--more--></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/\">http://www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-most-tourists-attractive-place-in-asia/</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\r\nThe Taj Mahal, also known as Tadj Mahall(Encyclopedia Britannica), is a symbol of love that was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal during the 17th century. The Taj which means crown (Bartholet, Jeffrey), was built in order to immortalize the emperors beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal(“Chosen of the palace”) that died at child birth(Encyclopedia Britannica). The Taj Mahal must be preserved for future generations in order to remember the symbol of love represented by monumental artistic architecture.</p>\r\nThe Mughal Empire was at the height of its dominion when Shah Jahan became the emperor. Shah Jahan grandfather, Akbar, had brought wealth and dominion to northern India. “Akbar defeated the Afghans and firmly established Mughal supremacy in northern India, bringing the empire to the height of its power and wealth. He was the Grand Mughal, renowned even in the most distant corners of the civilized world.” (<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>) The Mughal empire was able to succeed due to Akbar, because with the wealth came the interest of arts and progress in architecture. It was Shah Jahan father, Jahangir, who brought the interest in arts and inspired a golden age in the Mughal Empire. With the immense power and wealth, it became tradition for Mughal emperors to demonstrate their power with palaces and art. It is from this era that the English word mogul was created, as someone that has much power and wealth. (<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>) The Taj Mahal took over 20,000 workers under the chief architect Ahmad Lahawri. Construction started in 1632 and was finalized by 1647(Encyclopedia Britannica). “Stone carvers and brick layers, calligrapher and masters of gemstones inlay lapis lazuli came from Afghanistan, jade from China, coral from Arabia and rubies from Sri Lanka.”( Bartholet, Jeffrey)\r\n\r\nThe Mughal period marked a time of enrichment for architectures and art, implementing various styles. “Under the patronage of Mughal emperors, Persian, Indian, and various provincial styles were fused to produce works of unusual quality and refinement.”( Swati Chattopadhyay) The first of its style was the tomb of emperor Humayun at Delhi which showed strong Persian influence. Then, under emperor Akbar, came the monumental Victory Gate “one of the finest mosques of the Mughal period.”(Swati Chattopadhyay) The height of its era came under Shah Jahan with the magnificent Taj Mahal which had Persian influence like the tomb of Humayun. “The use of the double dome, a recessed archway inside a rectangular fronton, and park like surrounding are all typical of Shah Jahan period buildings. Symmetry and balance between the parts of a building were always stressed, while the delicacy of detail in Shah Jahan decorative work has seldom been surpassed.”( Swati Chattopadhyay) The Taj Mahal is a monument of love that has not been surpassed by any other palace of its origin; it is unique for the period, and original in detail to its style.\r\n\r\nAlthough the Taj is beautiful, it was never completed, as Shah Jahan intended to build another palace across the river connecting it by a bridge to the Taj Mahal. The idea was that the Taj Mahal would be the tomb of his wife and the second building would be the tomb of Shah Jahan. But, Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzed, and was imprisoned in the Agra fort (Encyclopedia Britannica). “According to legend, Shad Jahan spent the last eight years of his life starring at the Taj Mahal through a window at the fort. On January 22, 1666, he died and joined his beloved queen, Mumtaz Mahal, at the Taj Mahal.”(Myers, Alice) During the time of Shah Jahan’s son, Aurengzed, the arts and architecture decline in the Mughal Empire due to Aurangzed Muslim believe that “Islam in India was in danger of being spiritually diluted by heresy and heterodoxy.” (Hambly, Gavin R. G.)\r\n\r\nIf there were ever two reigns that could be compared for that era it would be Luis XIV and Shah Jahan, as they both brought arts and culture to their empires. Under their reigns two splendid palaces were build, the palace of Versailles and the Taj Mahal. They are both share eloquent gardens and immense use of space. Versailles palace demonstrates different themes for each room as it is larger than the Taj Mahal. There are rooms in the palace of Versailles that are dedicated to past kings and to victorious wars, but the most luxuries room would be the Galerie Des Glaces(Hall of Mirrors). The Hall of Mirrors is surrounded with magnificent “frescos, marble pilasters, and gilded bronze capitals, and furnished with ornate candelabra and bejeweled trees.”(Fiero) mirrors were used to face the windows that open into the garden which created a “brilliant counterpoint of image and reflection.”(Fiero) The gardens at Versailles feature more geometric shapes, sparkling fountains, artificial lakes, gottoes, zoos, theaters and outdoor rooms.(Fiero) The Taj Mahal smaller in size is more complex structures than the palace of Versailles. “These structures include the Darwaza or main gateway, the Bageecha or garden, the Masjid or mosque, the Naqqar Khaana or guest house and the Rauza or mausoleum.”(<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>)  The Taj Mahal is made of marble which changes colors depending of the time of the day (“Marble is of crystalline composition, allowing light to enter rather deeply before it is reflected”). (Bartholet, Jeffrey) The Taj also depicts geometric figures but as piedra dura, which is a style of inlaying precious stones. These stones represent inscriptions from the Quran and designs of flowers and plants (<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>). Both of these palaces use fountains to mirror images, although, the Taj Mahal uses the tree line pool to create an illusion that the mausoleum is floating, while the fountains at Versailles are used to mirror the sculptures (Fiero). These two palaces were exclusive for its time, even though, they both served different purposes. Versailles was the king’s palace while the Taj was a burial monument for love.\r\n\r\nDuring the nineteenth century the Taj Mahal became a favored picnic site between colonial Englishmen, who though of the place as a romantic monument rather than a tomb. The iconicity that the Englishmen gave to the Taj Mahal became popular culture around the world and it is now seen as a symbol for love and Hindu culture (Swati Chattopadhyay). The Taj is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and it is now one of the most visited tourist attractions known. “In 1983, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, And Cultural organization(UNESCO) designated the Taj Mahal a World Heritage Site, a recognition given to a place or building of major import to the common heritage of human kind and, thus, worthy of preservation.”(Myers, Alice)\r\n\r\nI consider this to be one of the most splendid buildings in the world and would love to have the opportunity to some day visit the Taj Mahal.  It is without a doubt one of the most popular sites in the world, everyone has seen the beautiful mausoleum reflected from the pool on a picture or on a commercial. This is worth preserving for the future generations to understand the beauty of love in a different era and to value the Islamic culture. It is a monument that future generations must conserve and not let it fall to erosion or deterioration of contaminant as it has happened in the past. (Bartholet, Jeffrey) Measurements have been taken to conserve the Taj Mahal and I hope that its beauty will inspire other to conserve it for the future.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Work Cited</p>\r\n• Bartholet, Jeffrey. \"Taj Mahal.\" Smithonian, Article. vol. 42 Issue 5, p44-57. sep 2011\r\n(This article gave great examples of the Architecture and helped with some historical facts.)\r\n\r\n• Hambly, Gavin R. G. \"Rajut Rebellion.\" Great Events from History: The Seventeenth Century 1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem Press, 2006. Salem History Web. 01 Oct 2011\r\n(This Article gave great historical insight)\r\n\r\n• Fiero.\r\n(Used to compare the palace of Versailles to the Taj Mahal)\r\n\r\n• Myers, Alice. \"Shah Jahan Builds the Taj Mahal.\" Great Events from History: The Seventeenth Century 1601-1700. Ed. Larissa Juliet Taylor. 2 vols. Salem Press 2006. Salem history web. 01 oct. 2011\r\n(This Article was used to fill historical gaps of the Taj Mahal)\r\n\r\n• Swati Chattopadhyay \"Taj Mahal.\"  The Oxford Encyclopedia of Modern World. Ed PeterN. Stearns. Oxford University Press, 2008. Austin Community College. 2 October 2011\r\n(Used this Article to show how the taj was build and its present popularity)\r\n\r\n• <a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com\">www.agrahub.com</a>. \"Architecture of the Taj Mahal Agra.\" 2010. Indian Visit Pvt. Ltd. 02 oct 2011\r\n<a href=\"http://www.agrahub.com/taj-mahal-agra/architecture-of-the-tajmahal.html\">http://www.agrahub.com/taj-mahal-agra/architecture-of-the-tajmahal.html</a>\r\n(Used this article to compare the Taj Mahal to the Palace of Versailles)\r\n\r\n• <a href=\"http://www.pbs.org\">www.pbs.org</a>. \"...the Mughal dynasty\" 1995-2011. PBS Foundation. 02 oct 2011.\r\n<a href=\"http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html\">http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/taj_nav/tajnav_level_1/1mughal_tajfrm.html</a>\r\n(Used this Article to describe the Mughal power)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','The Taj Mahal','','inherit','open','open','','1884-revision-7','','','2011-10-12 09:50:11','2011-10-12 15:50:11','',1884,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1897',0,'revision','',0),(1898,45,'2011-10-15 11:48:40','2011-10-15 17:48:40','<p align=\"center\">(Thomas More’s\nUtopia)</p>\n <a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Utopia.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1680 aligncenter\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Utopia-209x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"209\" height=\"300\" /></a>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/library/special_collections/early_books/pix/utopia.htm\">http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/library/special_collections/early_books/pix/utopia.htm</a></p>\nSir Thomas More was born in England in 1478. He was a Christian who depended heavily (almost solely) upon himself. He believed in religious tolerance and charity, but refused to compromise his beliefs as a Catholic. For most of his life, Thomas More was unsure of whether to stay true to the king, or to continue his path of philosophy. He was executed for treason in 1535.\n\n<!--more-->In 1516, he wrote Utopia (which comes from the Greek words <em>ou</em> and <em>topos</em> (“no place”)). It was the first writings pertaining to a “perfect state” since Plato’s “Republic” (although many believe that it is criticism of European society at that time). This story was mainly focused on Europe’s government and society. In Utopia’s society, everything and everyone, except slaves, were equal; and all citizens were wholly expected to uphold social justice.\n\nOne of the main points included in Utopia is that war is a fool’s action and pointless. Thomas More states, “Nothing is more inglorious than glory attained by war” (Fiero, 19). Eventually, knowing how people work, they will always be fighting over something with others, even with those who are supposedly their allies. Utopians value truces above pretty much everything.\n\nUtopia is filled with satires and idealisms. Here, family hierarchies are in place. Cities are divided equally into four separate areas, with a marketplace in the center of each. At said marketplace, people bring items they create and display them for others to have. The family finds only what is essential for their survival, however, despite that they do not need to pay anything. Greed and gluttony are nonexistent in this world and there is always an abundance of everything and anything. Therefore, Utopians do not require any form of currency.\n\nThanks to trade with foreign countries, the Utopians own an immense selection of metals, which they use anything requiring such materials. They have no enticement to do this since they have everything they need. On top of this, the people find such things near useless items, as they do not hold much towards their survival. If a Utopian obtains an object, which we would consider a luxury (such as precious metals); they most likely found it on accident. The person will simply give the item to their children as a present. The child will be overwhelmed with joy, but will lose interest in the bauble as it gets older, eventually understanding the lack of value that it really has.\n\nYet another reason it was believed that Thomas More wrote Utopia, was to escape the mayhem in his own country. King Henry VIII reigned without a care as to what it did to his people. He frittered away money the country didn’t have and did so without even spending towards any kind of economic support. Many of Thomas More’s theories were based on these hard times. The wealthy socialites were engrossed in items of value and status and concerned with petty details. Meanwhile, in their desperate attempts to stay alive, the poor resorted to stealing and killing each other.\n\nThomas More’s ideas (specifically that of Utopia) were unheard of and not anything anyone would have believed. Even if people did agreed with him, they would not openly agree with him and his work was still seen as severe criticism, if not blasphemy, towards his country. Thomas More was highly critical of his world, especially towards many of the economic changes. Utopia might have been something of a suggestion towards solutions to Europe’s problems. He showed the differences between the chaos of his corrupt society and the equality his idealistic one.\n\nThomas More might have been highly inspired by Plato’s “Republic.” In this work, Plato mentions how idealism involves the separation of mind and matter. He explains that someone may become prosperous and honorable through the benefits of both the individual and the society. Plato built an idealist society where people worked harmoniously and showed how being educated made them stronger. In this, Thomas More agrees and uses in his own work.\n\nI believe that everyone would agree that the word “Utopia” is still accurate with Thomas More’s idea of it: Paradise, Heaven, Wonderland, Nirvana, or whatever you wish to call it; somewhere utterly clean of violence or deceit. Thomas More was spot on when he wrote this novel mocking the idea that one can create a perfect world. No single person is perfect, much less is the society they live in. “Utopia” is merely a model of that which we desire. You can work towards it, but no one will ever be able to reach it.\n\nI agree with many of the ideals in “Utopia.” It makes many good points (and not to mention it would be nice to live in a world where things such as corruption and greed did not exist). I especially agree with More’s argument that war is needless. I have never figured out how people blindly killing one another can solve any problem. This proves that even though the world has progressed, it has only done so in a technological manner. I don’t believe we are any closer to our desired Utopia; moreover, we keep pushing ourselves further from it as society becomes more complex.\n\nHowever, some things still do not make sense. Some of the traditions the Utopians practiced (such as the ease of divorce, euthanasia and both married priests and female priests) seem to be polar opposites of More\'s beliefs and the teachings of the Catholic Church (of which he was completely committed to). You would think that Thomas More would have fully created\nthem how he thought they should be (religiously speaking of course).\n\n“Utopia” should be preserved as a one of the greatest works of its time because everything in this book has (more\nor less) been well thought out and his story is elaborate. His morals and ideals paint the image of a world desired by every living creature; a world where everything is perfect and there is no reason to have things like thievery and murder.\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Works Cited</span>:\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n	<li>Priest\n&amp; Harold Martin. <em>More\'s Utopia &amp; Utopian Literature</em>. John Wiley\n&amp; Sons, Inc. (US), 1975. www.<strong>alicat.austincc.edu</strong>.\nWeb. 1 Sep. 2011.</li>\n</ul>\n&lt;http://alicat.austincc.edu/search~S1?/XMore%27s+Utopia&amp;searchscope=1&amp;SORT=D/XMore%27s+Utopia&amp;searchscope=1&amp;SORT=D&amp;SUBKEY=More\'s+Utopia/1%2C3%2C3%2CB/frameset&amp;FF=XMore%27s+Utopia&amp;searchscope=1&amp;SORT=D&amp;1%2C1%2C&gt;\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n	<li>\"<strong>utopia</strong>.\" <em>Encyclopedia\nBritannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online Academic Edition</em>.\nEncyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 Sep. 2011.</li>\n</ul>\n&lt;http://www.britannica.com.lsproxy.austincc.edu/EBchecked/topic/620755/utopia&gt;.\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n	<li><em>Dictionary\nof Literary Biography, Volume 136: Sixteenth-Century British Nondramatic\nWriters, Second Series</em>. A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book. Edited by David\nA. Richardson, Cleveland\nState University.\nGale Research, 1994. pp. 235-254.</li>\n</ul>\n&lt;http://galenet.galegroup.com.lsproxy.austincc.edu/servlet/GLD/hits?r=d&amp;origSearch=true&amp;o=DataType&amp;n=10&amp;l=d&amp;c=2&amp;locID=txshracd2487&amp;secondary=false&amp;u=DLB&amp;t=KW&amp;s=4&amp;NA=More&amp;TI=Utopia&gt;\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n	<li>Fiero,\nGloria K. <em>The Humanistic Tradition</em>:\nMcGraw-Hill, 2011. Print.</li>\n</ul>\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n	<li>More,\nThomas <em>Utopia</em>, 1516</li>\n</ul>','Thomas More\'s Utopia','','inherit','open','open','','1667-autosave','','','2011-10-15 11:48:40','2011-10-15 17:48:40','',1667,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1898',0,'revision','',0),(1899,45,'2011-09-26 12:05:37','2011-09-26 18:05:37','<p align=\"center\">(Thomas More’s\r\nUtopia)</p>\r\n <a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Utopia.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1680 aligncenter\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Utopia-209x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"209\" height=\"300\" /></a>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/library/special_collections/early_books/pix/utopia.htm\">http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/library/special_collections/early_books/pix/utopia.htm</a></p>\r\nSir Thomas More was born in England in 1478. He was a Christian who depended heavily (almost solely) upon himself. He believed in religious tolerance and charity, but refused to compromise his beliefs as a Catholic. For most of his life, Thomas More was unsure of whether to stay true to the king, or to continue his path of philosophy. He was executed for treason in 1535.\r\n\r\n<!--more-->In 1516, he wrote Utopia (which comes from the Greek words <em>ou</em> and <em>topos</em> (“no place”)). It was the first writings pertaining to a “perfect state” since Plato’s “Republic” (although many believe that it is criticism of European society at that time). This story was mainly focused on Europe’s government and society. In Utopia’s society, everything and everyone, except slaves, were equal; and all citizens were wholly expected to uphold social justice.\r\n\r\nOne of the main points included in Utopia is that war is a fool’s action and pointless. Thomas More states, “Nothing is more inglorious than glory attained by war” (Fiero, 19). Eventually, knowing how people work, they will always be fighting over\r\nsomething with others, even with those who are supposedly their allies. Utopians value truces above pretty much everything.\r\n\r\nUtopia is filled with satires and idealisms. Here, family hierarchies are in place. Cities are divided equally into four separate areas, with a marketplace in the center of each. At said marketplace, people bring items they create and display them for others to have. The family finds only what is essential for their survival, however, despite that they do not need to pay anything. Greed and gluttony are nonexistent in this world and there is always an abundance of everything and anything. Therefore, Utopians do not require any form of currency.\r\n\r\nThanks to trade with foreign countries, the Utopians own an immense selection of metals, which they use anything requiring such materials. They have no enticement to do this since they have everything they need. On top of this, the people find such things near useless items, as they do not hold much towards their survival. If a Utopian obtains an object, which we would consider a luxury (such as precious metals); they most likely found it on accident. The person will simply give the item to their children as a present. The child will be overwhelmed with joy, but will lose interest in the bauble as it gets older, eventually understanding the lack of value that it really has.\r\n\r\nYet another reason it was believed that Thomas More wrote Utopia, was to escape the mayhem in his own country. King Henry VIII reigned without a care as to what it did to his people. He frittered away money the country didn’t have and did so without even spending towards any kind of economic support. Many of Thomas More’s theories were based on these hard times. The wealthy socialites were engrossed in items of value and status and concerned with petty details. Meanwhile, in their desperate attempts to stay alive, the poor resorted to stealing and killing each other.\r\n\r\nThomas More’s ideas (specifically that of Utopia) were unheard of and not anything anyone would have believed. Even if people did agreed with him, they would not openly agree with him and his work was still seen as severe criticism, if not blasphemy, towards his country. Thomas More was highly critical of his world, especially towards many of the economic changes. Utopia might have been something of a suggestion towards solutions to Europe’s problems. He showed the differences between the chaos of his corrupt society and the equality his idealistic one.\r\n\r\nThomas More might have been highly inspired by Plato’s “Republic.” In this work, Plato mentions how idealism involves the separation of mind and matter. He explains that someone may become prosperous and honorable through the benefits of both the individual and the society. Plato built an idealist society where people worked harmoniously and showed how being educated made them stronger. In this, Thomas More agrees and uses in his own work.\r\n\r\nI believe that everyone would agree that the word “Utopia” is still accurate with Thomas More’s idea of it: Paradise, Heaven, Wonderland, Nirvana, or whatever you wish to call it; somewhere utterly clean of violence or deceit. Thomas More was spot on when he wrote this novel mocking the idea that one can create a perfect world. No single person is perfect, much less is the society they live in. “Utopia” is merely a model of that which we desire. You can work towards it, but no one will ever be able to reach it.\r\n\r\nI agree with many of the ideals in “Utopia.” It makes many good points (and not to mention it would be nice to live in a world where things such as corruption and greed did not exist). I especially agree with More’s argument that war is needless. I have never figured out how people blindly killing one another can solve any problem. This proves that even though the world has progressed, it has only done so in a technological manner. I don’t believe we are any closer to our desired Utopia; moreover, we keep pushing ourselves further from it as society becomes more\r\ncomplex.\r\n\r\nHowever, some things still do not make sense. Some of the traditions the Utopians practiced (such as the ease of divorce, euthanasia and both married priests and female priests) seem to be polar opposites of More\'s beliefs and the teachings of the Catholic Church (of which he was completely committed to). You would think that Thomas More would have fully created\r\nthem how he thought they should be (religiously speaking of course).\r\n\r\n“Utopia” should be preserved as a one of the greatest works of its time because everything in this book has (more\r\nor less) been well thought out and his story is elaborate. His morals and ideals paint the image of a world desired by every living creature; a world where everything is perfect and there is no reason to have things like thievery and murder.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Works Cited</span>:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Priest\r\n&amp; Harold Martin. <em>More\'s Utopia &amp; Utopian Literature</em>. John Wiley\r\n&amp; Sons, Inc. (US), 1975. www.<strong>alicat.austincc.edu</strong>.\r\nWeb. 1 Sep. 2011.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&lt;http://alicat.austincc.edu/search~S1?/XMore%27s+Utopia&amp;searchscope=1&amp;SORT=D/XMore%27s+Utopia&amp;searchscope=1&amp;SORT=D&amp;SUBKEY=More\'s+Utopia/1%2C3%2C3%2CB/frameset&amp;FF=XMore%27s+Utopia&amp;searchscope=1&amp;SORT=D&amp;1%2C1%2C&gt;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>\"<strong>utopia</strong>.\" <em>Encyclopedia\r\nBritannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online Academic Edition</em>.\r\nEncyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 Sep. 2011.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&lt;http://www.britannica.com.lsproxy.austincc.edu/EBchecked/topic/620755/utopia&gt;.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><em>Dictionary\r\nof Literary Biography, Volume 136: Sixteenth-Century British Nondramatic\r\nWriters, Second Series</em>. A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book. Edited by David\r\nA. Richardson, Cleveland\r\nState University.\r\nGale Research, 1994. pp. 235-254.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&lt;http://galenet.galegroup.com.lsproxy.austincc.edu/servlet/GLD/hits?r=d&amp;origSearch=true&amp;o=DataType&amp;n=10&amp;l=d&amp;c=2&amp;locID=txshracd2487&amp;secondary=false&amp;u=DLB&amp;t=KW&amp;s=4&amp;NA=More&amp;TI=Utopia&gt;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Fiero,\r\nGloria K. <em>The Humanistic Tradition</em>:\r\nMcGraw-Hill, 2011. Print.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>More,\r\nThomas <em>Utopia</em>, 1516</li>\r\n</ul>','Thomas More\'s Utopia','','inherit','open','open','','1667-revision-5','','','2011-09-26 12:05:37','2011-09-26 18:05:37','',1667,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1899',0,'revision','',0),(1900,46,'2011-10-16 14:26:09','2011-10-16 20:26:09','&nbsp;\n\n[gallery]\n<p align=\"CENTER\"></p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"></p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Zijin Cheng - A Terrestrial Connection to Something More</span></span></p>\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> The many dynasties and cultures of China have provided the world with countless artifacts and works of art that deserve our admiration and respect. Among these, however, one stands tallest, not just in height, but as a representation of Chinese history and culture. Constructed between 1406 and 1420, The Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties, located in the Forbidden City is a massive endeavor that in many ways shaped the way we view those cultures and histories now. This palace is a feat of architecture that needs to be preserved for future generations to appreciate, as it is one of the best insights into Chinese art, life, culture and history that has ever been produced.<!--more--></span></span>\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Literally translated as “Purple Forbidden City” from the Chinese Zijin Cheng, the walled off area served as the terrestrial home of the Emperor, who was believed to be of Celestial origin (Beijing Attractions). In this city was the specific palace where the Emperor resided. It is interesting to note that the idea of the city being forbidden was relating to the concept that no one could enter or leave the city without the Emperor\'s express permission. </span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Upon its initial establishment, under the reign of Zhu Di, The Forbidden City relocated the capital of the empire back to Beijing. The construction was a massive endeavor requiring over a million works of all types and lasted just over 15 years. From this point, it served at the political capital for those in charge of the country until 1912, when the last Emperor of China was abdicated. Over the next 13 years, Puyi, the abdicated Emperor, remained in the inner city, and the outer court was given to the public. In 1925, after a coup, the Palace Museum was created of the Forbidden City (UNESCO). Countless works of art and history had been preserved in the city for ages, and would continue to be stored and protected there, even through various occupations and damages to the city itself. One of the best facts I was able to grab that just gave the scope of the lasting power of the palace was that “</span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">the Forbidden City was the imperial home of 24 emperors of the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties” (Architecture) .</span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> One of they key elements to the city being preserved for so long was it\'s initial construction. The walls reach nearly 10 meters high, spanning a circumference 3,430 meters(Architecture) . Each corner plays host to a magnificent watchtower. Each wall was crafted with a technique of “rammed earth” core. This was essentially a triple layered wall with custom bricks on both sides filled with mortar. The towers, two in the outer court and two in the inner were representations of ancient lore and recreations of older pavilions. The remaining inner area then played host to “90 palaces and courtyards, 980 buildings and 8704 rooms” (Beijing Attractions). All of this was also done in such a way that it would be aligned with a central axis of Beijing, tying it indefinitely to the world and the terrestrial realm. </span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Initially when looking at the palace, aside from it\'s awe-inspiring span, it feels very representative of the time and culture. Like the palaces of dynasties past, it maintains the inner and outer court format. As stated previously, some aspects of the construction even drew upon the older palaces and pavilions, such as the Yellow Crane Pavilion. It held true to many of the construction standards, with symbolism specifically. Many yellow tones were used, to show the significance of the Emperor and his divine origins. Each hall is arranged in groups of three, a triagram depicting Heaven (Architecture). We also see many of the decorations adhering to a similar standard, with imagery such as dragons and phoenixes and maintaining specific numbering patterns important to the religious beliefs of the time (UNESCO). If we look at the Ming Dynasty Tombs, we can see much of the same imagery and deification of specific numbering patterns as well.</span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Where we begin to see a divergence from the norm is actually in how much of the workforce\'s culture made it into the Forbidden City. While most jobs of this nature, including this one to an extent, were fueled by slave labor, the construction of Zijin Cheng was primarily utilizing the local citizens of Beijing. Between being directly focused on improving their own presence in the city, many of these citizens were also able to create thriving livelihoods because of the new capital area. This shift in labor forces led the construction to take on new elements. Instead of containing exclusively religious iconography from a central belief system, multiple religions were represented in the décor and art. Eventually, in 1644, shamanism actually gained a much larger representation in the palace, though elements of it had been present from its origins (Imperial Palaces). That stands in direct opposition to other construction projects of the era, even within the Ming and Qing dynasties. Take for instance the previous capital of Nanjing. Many of the buildings are basic stone, lacking large amounts of detail or iconography past the basics. </span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> The people of China, and Beijing in particular almost immediately accepted the relocation of the capital. Between the refocus of political power and the beauty of Zijin Cheng, it was an immediate success. It became a center for politics, learning and art. Even though it was not a museum, tons of art was stored there and the people understood that it was for the protection and preservation. Also by choosing to align the palace with the central axis of Beijing, it was tied to the city and the population of Beijing saw that to tie it to them directly as well.</span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> We see much of that same reaction in this day and age. Though with the scope of all history to judge, we can also see more. We can see The Forbidden City as much more than just a palace and home of the divine. We can see it as the culmination of thousands of years of culture, religion, technology and advancement of Chinese culture. </span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Zijin Cheng also acts as a tourist hub for northern China. To this day, people flock from across the world to experience the inspiring nature of the palace. It could definitely be assumed that the establishment of the museum is representative of today\'s view of the city. Still today we can appreciate the massive endeavor that was the construction. A 15 year time frame, in the 1400 is an amazing feat, especially considering that the structure is still standing. </span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">For cultural hubs and bastions of culture and information about a people, it is hard to find an equal of the Forbidden City. We actually have one readily accessible to us however, though its construction came long after the fact. Built between 1847 to 1855, in Washington D.C. the Smithsonian\'s central building, also known as \"The Castle\" stands today as a symbol of American innovation, ingenuity and culture. While this was a much smaller scale project that Zijing Cheng, it represents many of the same goals. Zijin Cheng was a house for an emperor, and designed drawing from the past of their own culture. The Smithsonian Castle was designed drawing from other cultures, in a more Gothic style (GoSmithsonian). Instead of having a central and ancient culture to draw from, the architects had to look to other cultures. </span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Construction wise, we see the division between how these two projects unified a culture. Zijin Cheng was glorious in the way that it called upon the locale to help build and lend its voice. The Smithsonian Castle, while representing a culture, used an incredibly small representation of that culture to construct it. This says more about the societies and times these were constructed in than anything else, but it is definitely worth a consideration. The Forbidden City also has infinitely more symbolism and religious representation in the actual buildings and construction. By containing the symbols and construction techniques dictated by a faith and commitment to a world beyond, there is an added beauty, though it was not an intent. The Castle on the other side of the same coin, was intentionally devoid of symbols and iconography. It was instead carefully selected what bricks would be used for aesthetic purposes. Much of this also lies in necessity and how that was determined and valued by the cultures at the time. The Chinese Dynasties sought more importance out of the Celestial realm and its representation, where as the Americans had more value in the importance of ease and innovation.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Now, this may seem like these two projects have more differences that similarities at this point, but the similarities they have hold a great deal of significance. These similarities are representative of a deep level of humanity I feel. Both the Forbidden City and the Smithsonian Castle hold a great degree of significance in numbers. Where we see threes and fives traditional to Chinese religion, The Castle holds fours and twos, which are numbers central to Christianity and those traditions. Now it may not have been the intent to include those numbers religiously, but they were deeply embedded into the culture. The two are also aligned in what initially appears as a random way, but upon further investigation, we can see their true axis. The Castle was centered so it could act as a focal point, which was also the idea behind constructing something so large and important as Zijin Cheng. The Forbidden City was set up strangely on its axis with Beijing, but that served to make it a perfect capital and point of pride for the city. Both structures also hold a great degree of importance in towers. Towers are man\'s way of being able to watch over their kingdom and protect what has been created. And of course, the two also have housed important and great art since their completion and now both function as museums.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Researching Zijin Cheng and learning about everything it holds actually felt rather overwhelming at times. I can only hope that mirrored even a slight bit what someone must feel when standing in the courtyards and gazing upon the palace and buildings. This entire Forbidden City is one of the largest and most important symbols of Chinese culture and the vast history that made up centuries. The entire time writing this proposal, I was astounded that this massive enterprise was complete and functioning before the Americas had even been discovered by the rest of the world, it was rather humbling. I truly hope that this Palace can be preserved for future generations to experience the history it holds.</span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\">The Forbidden City holds some of the greatest treasures of Chinese art and culture that the world will ever have. It is one of the most important museums that has ever been established, and to this day they continue to locate and uncover new pieces that were not previously catalogged. As a bastion for Chinese representation of culture and history this place must be preserved, but it steps even further than that. Zijin Cheng is a massive endeavor representative of the power, timelessness and unflinching nature of those who built it, occupied it and revere it. The innovations in architecture an d shift towards a structure for the people by the people are one of the best examples of society progressing and creating something that can last for hundreds of years on its own strength.</span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\">Works Cited</span></span></p>\n&nbsp;\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Elliott, Jeannette Shambaugh, and David L. Shambaugh. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>The Odyssey of China\'s Imperial Art Treasures</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Seattle: University of Washington, 2005. Print.</span></span></span></p>\n&nbsp;\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">A good base to get a pretty broad picture of Chinese Art and Architecture. I used it to get a feel for what was natural and common to the era.</span></span></span></p>\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"The Forbidden City.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>Chinese Culture</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa121297.htm\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa121297.htm</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span></p>\n&nbsp;\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">A brief history of the city along with some more detailed descriptions of specific structures. I was able to take some of this info to look into other structures for comparison.</span></span></span></p>\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Forbidden City in Beijing China - Architecture in the Forbidden City in Beijing.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>Architecture and House Styles and Building Design</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Web. 05 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://architecture.about.com/od/asiasouthasia/ig/Ancient-Beijing/Forbidden-City.htm\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://architecture.about.com/od/asiasouthasia/ig/Ancient-Beijing/Forbidden-City.htm</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Some quick and easy facts, mainly used to catalog the varying structures. Very useful as a tool for comparison.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Forbidden City, The Forbidden City in Beijing, The Forbidden City in China</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Arial Unicode MS\'\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">， </span></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Beijing Attractions.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>China Travel, China Travel Agency, China Tours, Yangtze River Cruise</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Web. 05 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">A travel guide ranking spots in China. Incredibly useful for historical information. I got much of history and background from this site, as well as a lot of the religious info.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Imperial China: The Art of the Horse.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>Kentucky Educational Television: Explore Kentucky. Explore the World.</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Web. 07 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://www.ket.org/artofthehorse/\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://www.ket.org/artofthehorse/</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Another great catalog of art of China. Gave me a great perspective of how important symbolism was and how rooted it was in culture.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>China.org.cn - China News, Weather, Business, Travel &amp; Language Courses</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Shenyang Imperial Palace Management Office. Web. 06 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/74855.htm\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/74855.htm</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Great site with lots of straight factual information. I used this is get a lot of the info about the decorations and iconography and the measurements.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. UNESCO. Web. 05 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/439\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/439</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">The UNESCO website, the people who established the Museum. Fantastic historical resource. I used this to get the info about construction and the population.</span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Smithsonian Institution Building The Castle, Washington DC Museums | GoSmithsonian.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>Smithsonian Museums, Exhibits, Washington DC Travel, Dining, Lodging | GoSmithsonian</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://www.gosmithsonian.com/museums/smithsonian-\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://www.gosmithsonian.com/museums/smithsonian-</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> institution-building-the-castle/&gt;. </span></span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\">The Smithsonian website, contains information about the institution and its history. This is where I grabbed my info for the Smithsonian specific comparison.</span></span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\nImage links in order:\n\nhttp://www.china.org.cn/images/49111.jpg\n\n&nbsp;\n\nhttp://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0439_0001-469-0-20110920200856.JPG\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;','Zijin Cheng -  A Terrestrial Connection to Something More','','inherit','open','open','','1810-autosave','','','2011-10-16 14:26:09','2011-10-16 20:26:09','',1810,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1900',0,'revision','',0),(1901,46,'2011-10-11 08:19:23','2011-10-11 14:19:23','&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[gallery]\r\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Zijin Cheng - A Terrestrial Connection to Something More</span></span></p>\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> The many dynasties and cultures of China have provided the world with countless artifacts and works of art that deserve our admiration and respect. Among these, however, one stands tallest, not just in height, but as a representation of Chinese history and culture. Constructed between 1406 and 1420, The Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties, located in the Forbidden City is a massive endeavor that in many ways shaped the way we view those cultures and histories now. This palace is a feat of architecture that needs to be preserved for future generations to appreciate, as it is one of the best insights into Chinese art, life, culture and history that has ever been produced.<!--more--></span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Literally translated as “Purple Forbidden City” from the Chinese Zijin Cheng, the walled off area served as the terrestrial home of the Emperor, who was believed to be of Celestial origin (Beijing Attractions). In this city was the specific palace where the Emperor resided. It is interesting to note that the idea of the city being forbidden was relating to the concept that no one could enter or leave the city without the Emperor\'s express permission. </span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Upon its initial establishment, under the reign of Zhu Di, The Forbidden City relocated the capital of the empire back to Beijing. The construction was a massive endeavor requiring over a million works of all types and lasted just over 15 years. From this point, it served at the political capital for those in charge of the country until 1912, when the last Emperor of China was abdicated. Over the next 13 years, Puyi, the abdicated Emperor, remained in the inner city, and the outer court was given to the public. In 1925, after a coup, the Palace Museum was created of the Forbidden City (UNESCO). Countless works of art and history had been preserved in the city for ages, and would continue to be stored and protected there, even through various occupations and damages to the city itself. One of the best facts I was able to grab that just gave the scope of the lasting power of the palace was that “</span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">the Forbidden City was the imperial home of 24 emperors of the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties” (Architecture) .</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> One of they key elements to the city being preserved for so long was it\'s initial construction. The walls reach nearly 10 meters high, spanning a circumference 3,430 meters(Architecture) . Each corner plays host to a magnificent watchtower. Each wall was crafted with a technique of “rammed earth” core. This was essentially a triple layered wall with custom bricks on both sides filled with mortar. The towers, two in the outer court and two in the inner were representations of ancient lore and recreations of older pavilions. The remaining inner area then played host to “90 palaces and courtyards, 980 buildings and 8704 rooms” (Beijing Attractions). All of this was also done in such a way that it would be aligned with a central axis of Beijing, tying it indefinitely to the world and the terrestrial realm. </span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Initially when looking at the palace, aside from it\'s awe-inspiring span, it feels very representative of the time and culture. Like the palaces of dynasties past, it maintains the inner and outer court format. As stated previously, some aspects of the construction even drew upon the older palaces and pavilions, such as the Yellow Crane Pavilion. It held true to many of the construction standards, with symbolism specifically. Many yellow tones were used, to show the significance of the Emperor and his divine origins. Each hall is arranged in groups of three, a triagram depicting Heaven (Architecture). We also see many of the decorations adhering to a similar standard, with imagery such as dragons and phoenixes and maintaining specific numbering patterns important to the religious beliefs of the time (UNESCO). If we look at the Ming Dynasty Tombs, we can see much of the same imagery and deification of specific numbering patterns as well.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Where we begin to see a divergence from the norm is actually in how much of the workforce\'s culture made it into the Forbidden City. While most jobs of this nature, including this one to an extent, were fueled by slave labor, the construction of Zijin Cheng was primarily utilizing the local citizens of Beijing. Between being directly focused on improving their own presence in the city, many of these citizens were also able to create thriving livelihoods because of the new capital area. This shift in labor forces led the construction to take on new elements. Instead of containing exclusively religious iconography from a central belief system, multiple religions were represented in the décor and art. Eventually, in 1644, shamanism actually gained a much larger representation in the palace, though elements of it had been present from its origins (Imperial Palaces). That stands in direct opposition to other construction projects of the era, even within the Ming and Qing dynasties. Take for instance the previous capital of Nanjing. Many of the buildings are basic stone, lacking large amounts of detail or iconography past the basics. </span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> The people of China, and Beijing in particular almost immediately accepted the relocation of the capital. Between the refocus of political power and the beauty of Zijin Cheng, it was an immediate success. It became a center for politics, learning and art. Even though it was not a museum, tons of art was stored there and the people understood that it was for the protection and preservation. Also by choosing to align the palace with the central axis of Beijing, it was tied to the city and the population of Beijing saw that to tie it to them directly as well.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> We see much of that same reaction in this day and age. Though with the scope of all history to judge, we can also see more. We can see The Forbidden City as much more than just a palace and home of the divine. We can see it as the culmination of thousands of years of culture, religion, technology and advancement of Chinese culture. </span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Zijin Cheng also acts as a tourist hub for northern China. To this day, people flock from across the world to experience the inspiring nature of the palace. It could definitely be assumed that the establishment of the museum is representative of today\'s view of the city. Still today we can appreciate the massive endeavor that was the construction. A 15 year time frame, in the 1400 is an amazing feat, especially considering that the structure is still standing. </span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">For cultural hubs and bastions of culture and information about a people, it is hard to find an equal of the Forbidden City. We actually have one readily accessible to us however, though its construction came long after the fact. Built between 1847 to 1855, in Washington D.C. the Smithsonian\'s central building, also known as \"The Castle\" stands today as a symbol of American innovation, ingenuity and culture. While this was a much smaller scale project that Zijing Cheng, it represents many of the same goals. Zijin Cheng was a house for an emperor, and designed drawing from the past of their own culture. The Smithsonian Castle was designed drawing from other cultures, in a more Gothic style (GoSmithsonian). Instead of having a central and ancient culture to draw from, the architects had to look to other cultures. </span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Construction wise, we see the division between how these two projects unified a culture. Zijin Cheng was glorious in the way that it called upon the locale to help build and lend its voice. The Smithsonian Castle, while representing a culture, used an incredibly small representation of that culture to construct it. This says more about the societies and times these were constructed in than anything else, but it is definitely worth a consideration. The Forbidden City also has infinitely more symbolism and religious representation in the actual buildings and construction. By containing the symbols and construction techniques dictated by a faith and commitment to a world beyond, there is an added beauty, though it was not an intent. The Castle on the other side of the same coin, was intentionally devoid of symbols and iconography. It was instead carefully selected what bricks would be used for aesthetic purposes. Much of this also lies in necessity and how that was determined and valued by the cultures at the time. The Chinese Dynasties sought more importance out of the Celestial realm and its representation, where as the Americans had more value in the importance of ease and innovation.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Now, this may seem like these two projects have more differences that similarities at this point, but the similarities they have hold a great deal of significance. These similarities are representative of a deep level of humanity I feel. Both the Forbidden City and the Smithsonian Castle hold a great degree of significance in numbers. Where we see threes and fives traditional to Chinese religion, The Castle holds fours and twos, which are numbers central to Christianity and those traditions. Now it may not have been the intent to include those numbers religiously, but they were deeply embedded into the culture. The two are also aligned in what initially appears as a random way, but upon further investigation, we can see their true axis. The Castle was centered so it could act as a focal point, which was also the idea behind constructing something so large and important as Zijin Cheng. The Forbidden City was set up strangely on its axis with Beijing, but that served to make it a perfect capital and point of pride for the city. Both structures also hold a great degree of importance in towers. Towers are man\'s way of being able to watch over their kingdom and protect what has been created. And of course, the two also have housed important and great art since their completion and now both function as museums.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Researching Zijin Cheng and learning about everything it holds actually felt rather overwhelming at times. I can only hope that mirrored even a slight bit what someone must feel when standing in the courtyards and gazing upon the palace and buildings. This entire Forbidden City is one of the largest and most important symbols of Chinese culture and the vast history that made up centuries. The entire time writing this proposal, I was astounded that this massive enterprise was complete and functioning before the Americas had even been discovered by the rest of the world, it was rather humbling. I truly hope that this Palace can be preserved for future generations to experience the history it holds.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\">The Forbidden City holds some of the greatest treasures of Chinese art and culture that the world will ever have. It is one of the most important museums that has ever been established, and to this day they continue to locate and uncover new pieces that were not previously catalogged. As a bastion for Chinese representation of culture and history this place must be preserved, but it steps even further than that. Zijin Cheng is a massive endeavor representative of the power, timelessness and unflinching nature of those who built it, occupied it and revere it. The innovations in architecture an d shift towards a structure for the people by the people are one of the best examples of society progressing and creating something that can last for hundreds of years on its own strength.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\">Works Cited</span></span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Elliott, Jeannette Shambaugh, and David L. Shambaugh. </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>The Odyssey of China\'s Imperial Art Treasures</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Seattle: University of Washington, 2005. Print.</span></span></span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">A good base to get a pretty broad picture of Chinese Art and Architecture. I used it to get a feel for what was natural and common to the era.</span></span></span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"The Forbidden City.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>Chinese Culture</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa121297.htm\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa121297.htm</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">A brief history of the city along with some more detailed descriptions of specific structures. I was able to take some of this info to look into other structures for comparison.</span></span></span></p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Forbidden City in Beijing China - Architecture in the Forbidden City in Beijing.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>Architecture and House Styles and Building Design</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Web. 05 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://architecture.about.com/od/asiasouthasia/ig/Ancient-Beijing/Forbidden-City.htm\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://architecture.about.com/od/asiasouthasia/ig/Ancient-Beijing/Forbidden-City.htm</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Some quick and easy facts, mainly used to catalog the varying structures. Very useful as a tool for comparison.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Forbidden City, The Forbidden City in Beijing, The Forbidden City in China</span></span></span><span style=\"font-family: \'Arial Unicode MS\'\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">， </span></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Beijing Attractions.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>China Travel, China Travel Agency, China Tours, Yangtze River Cruise</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Web. 05 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">A travel guide ranking spots in China. Incredibly useful for historical information. I got much of history and background from this site, as well as a lot of the religious info.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Imperial China: The Art of the Horse.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>Kentucky Educational Television: Explore Kentucky. Explore the World.</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> Web. 07 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://www.ket.org/artofthehorse/\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://www.ket.org/artofthehorse/</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Another great catalog of art of China. Gave me a great perspective of how important symbolism was and how rooted it was in culture.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>China.org.cn - China News, Weather, Business, Travel &amp; Language Courses</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Shenyang Imperial Palace Management Office. Web. 06 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/74855.htm\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/74855.htm</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Great site with lots of straight factual information. I used this is get a lot of the info about the decorations and iconography and the measurements.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. UNESCO. Web. 05 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/439\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/439</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">&gt;.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">The UNESCO website, the people who established the Museum. Fantastic historical resource. I used this to get the info about construction and the population.</span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">\"Smithsonian Institution Building The Castle, Washington DC Museums | GoSmithsonian.\" </span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"><em>Smithsonian Museums, Exhibits, Washington DC Travel, Dining, Lodging | GoSmithsonian</em></span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. &lt;</span></span></span><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http://www.gosmithsonian.com/museums/smithsonian-\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">http://www.gosmithsonian.com/museums/smithsonian-</span></span></a></span></span><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\"><span style=\"font-size: small\"> institution-building-the-castle/&gt;. </span></span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif\">The Smithsonian website, contains information about the institution and its history. This is where I grabbed my info for the Smithsonian specific comparison.</span></span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;','Zijin Cheng -  A Terrestrial Connection to Something More','','inherit','open','open','','1810-revision-4','','','2011-10-11 08:19:23','2011-10-11 14:19:23','',1810,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1901',0,'revision','',0),(1905,54,'2011-10-16 17:51:13','2011-10-16 23:51:13','           \n\n<a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Milton_paradise.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1904 aligncenter\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Milton_paradise-229x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"229\" height=\"300\" /></a>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n“Paradise Lost” is a piece of literature worthy to be preserved for its elevated treatment of the Biblical story of the creation of the world. Written by John Milton in 1667, the epic poem describes the fall of Man, along with the creation of the sinister Devil, in a huge philosophical scope. It was Milton’s attempt to write a modern epic that would compete and triumph over other epic poems such as “The Odyssey,” written by Homer. Drawing from themes from mythology and allusions to current events at that time, Milton paints a conscious interpretation of Heaven, Hell, and Earth where Paradise and a new enemy are created.\n\n            So the story goes the major character, which is the Devil, starts off as an angel. Favored by God, Lucifer was still not proud with what he had; he wanted to be like God. Consumed by his pride, he and his followers fought in a battle against the army of God, led by the archangel Michael. Defeated, he and his minions were cast out of heaven to the nether world that would be known as Hell. Lucifer, who was now called Satan, wanted revenge for his defeat.  After hearing about the creation about the World, he ventures to it where he plans on tempting Adam and Eve, the first humans created by God. After many attempts to save the couple, God and his angels were too late to save the husband and wife from eating the forbidden fruit from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. They were forced out of the Garden of Eden with little hope. However, they were given a vision of what is to come for mankind in the future, which foreshadows the birth of Christ and the sequel to the poem, “Paradise Revisited.”\n\n            At the time the poem was written, James I ruled England and a new translation of the Bible in English has been written, so most writers were writing spiritual pieces. Most of the subjects consisted of an interpretation of the world we live in and how the universe works. Authors like Donne compared it to a large volume of chapters, staging phases in the life of mankind. Milton’s vision of the afterlife shows a cosmic world that “address matters of time, space, and causality,” while retaining some of the religious overtones present. He just merely took the traditional story that most of us are familiar with and transformed it into a treatise that dove deeper into the themes of sin, good, evil, and divinity.\n\n            It is unknown how this poem was received when it first came out. But I think it can be safe to say that people were impressed by it when it was first released. English writer Samuel Johnston praised the work, but his main objection was that \"none ever wished it [would be] longer than it is.\" Today it is considered one of the greatest pieces of literature ever written. William Blake considers Milton “a true Poet and of the Devil\'s party without knowing it,” explaining why he wrote in blank verse. People such as C.S. Lewis dismissed this, sticking the Scriptural aspect in which the poem was mostly based on.\n\n            My reflection on the work is little since I read not much of it and have not given much thought to it. My biggest issue is the blank verse prose in which the poem is written with words that were uncommon at that time and long structured sentences. But in many ways, “the convoluted syntax and unfamiliar language give[s] the poem its distinctive cadences, its majestic rhythm, and its ceremonial atmosphere.” Aside from that, I like how Milton wanted to expand the story of the Fall of Men by giving some themes based on the divinity of humankind and the world even if darkness falls upon them. But other than that, I often get tired reading or watching stories that take a simple perfect story and stretches it out. I am with Samuel Johnson when he said it was too long.\n\n            Originally when he wrote the poem, Milton was going to use the prototype used for the poem “The Iliad” to serve as an allegory for the English Civil War, however he decided to scrape the plans. But even then, this ancient poem, along with the old poem, contained similarities in the motives of the main protagonists of the stories. In “The Iliad,” Achilles was a great warrior in the Trojan wars, but after Agamemnon dishonored him, he refused to fight. So his good friend, Patroclus, lead the Greek army against the Trojan army. After a heated battle, Hector, the leader of the Trojans, killed Patroclus. After catching the news of this event, Achilles was enraged and went a bloodthirsty rampage, murdering many men in battle. This also seems to parallel the events that would lead to Lucifer becoming the Prince of Darkness. He gets full of pride and attempts to have more, but gets defeated and is full of wrath. Both of the poems dive into the anger of the protagonists and the consequences that occurred to them and other people. Their downfalls caused destruction and left an impact on the fictional aspect of history.\n\n            What future generations should be aware of in this poem is how it dives deeper into the themes of sin, salvation, life, death, good, and evil. A lot is discussed in the events depicted that would lead to the fall of Man. Even if it was not needed, it is still a fascinating interpretation of the world back then. It would continue to influence people in taking other short stories and expanding them with new life. Examples would include “The Ten Commandments” in which Cecil B. DeMille took the story of Moses and the Exodus and elongated it to show life in Egypt and events leading up to Moses finding his purpose in this world. This piece of literature is still captivating readers with its vision of the universe, and it would still continue to capture people whether they are religious or avid readers.\n<p align=\"center\">Bibliography</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>Henthorne, Susan. \"Paradise Lost.\" <em>Masterplots, Fourth Edition</em> (2010): 1-4.</li>\n</ol>\n<em>MagillOnLiterature Plus</em>. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.\n<ol>\n	<li>Hill, G, Lynch, Jack, ed., <em>Samuel Johnson: The Lives of the English Poets, 3 vols.</em> 1905.</li>\n</ol>\nOxford: Clarendon. Print.\n<ol>\n	<li>Blake, William. <em>Th</em><em>e Marriage of Heaven and Hell</em>. 1709. Print.</li>\n	<li><em>4.      </em>“Iliad.” <em>Wikipedia.</em> 14 October 2011. Web. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. <em></em></li>\n</ol>\n13 October 2011. (<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad\">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad</a>)\n<ol>\n	<li><em>5.      </em>“Achielles.” <em>Wikipedia.</em> 15 October 2011. Web. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. <em></em></li>\n</ol>\n13 October 2011. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achielles)\n<ol>\n	<li>Fiero, Gloria. The Humanistic Tradition, Volume Two, Sixth Edition.</li>\n</ol>\n New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print','Paradise Lost','','inherit','open','open','','1903-revision','','','2011-10-16 17:51:13','2011-10-16 23:51:13','',1903,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1905',0,'revision','',0),(1906,54,'2011-10-16 17:57:59','2011-10-16 23:57:59','<blockquote><a href=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Milton_paradise.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1904 aligncenter\" src=\"http://jeanatacc.com/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Milton_paradise-229x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"229\" height=\"300\" /></a></blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milton_paradise.jpg\">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milton_paradise.jpg</a></p>\n“Paradise Lost” is a piece of literature worthy to be preserved for its elevated treatment of the Biblical story of the creation of the world. Written by John Milton in 1667, the epic poem describes the fall of Man, along with the creation of the sinister Devil, in a huge philosophical scope. It was Milton’s attempt to write a modern epic that would compete and triumph over other epic poems such as “The Odyssey,” written by Homer. Drawing from themes from mythology and allusions to current events at that time, Milton paints a conscious interpretation of Heaven, Hell, and Earth where Paradise and a new enemy are created.\n\n            So the story goes the major character, which is the Devil, starts off as an angel. Favored by God, Lucifer was still not proud with what he had; he wanted to be like God. Consumed by his pride, he and his followers fought in a battle against the army of God, led by the archangel Michael. Defeated, he and his minions were cast out of heaven to the nether world that would be known as Hell. Lucifer, who was now called Satan, wanted revenge for his defeat.  After hearing about the creation about the World, he ventures to it where he plans on tempting Adam and Eve, the first humans created by God. After many attempts to save the couple, God and his angels were too late to save the husband and wife from eating the forbidden fruit from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. They were forced out of the Garden of Eden with little hope. However, they were given a vision of what is to come for mankind in the future, which foreshadows the birth of Christ and the sequel to the poem, “Paradise Revisited.”\n\n            At the time the poem was written, James I ruled England and a new translation of the Bible in English has been written, so most writers were writing spiritual pieces. Most of the subjects consisted of an interpretation of the world we live in and how the universe works. Authors like Donne compared it to a large volume of chapters, staging phases in the life of mankind. Milton’s vision of the afterlife shows a cosmic world that “address matters of time, space, and causality,” while retaining some of the religious overtones present. He just merely took the traditional story that most of us are familiar with and transformed it into a treatise that dove deeper into the themes of sin, good, evil, and divinity.\n\n            It is unknown how this poem was received when it first came out. But I think it can be safe to say that people were impressed by it when it was first released. English writer Samuel Johnston praised the work, but his main objection was that \"none ever wished it [would be] longer than it is.\" Today it is considered one of the greatest pieces of literature ever written. William Blake considers Milton “a true Poet and of the Devil\'s party without knowing it,” explaining why he wrote in blank verse. People such as C.S. Lewis dismissed this, sticking the Scriptural aspect in which the poem was mostly based on.\n\n            My reflection on the work is little since I read not much of it and have not given much thought to it. My biggest issue is the blank verse prose in which the poem is written with words that were uncommon at that time and long structured sentences. But in many ways, “the convoluted syntax and unfamiliar language give[s] the poem its distinctive cadences, its majestic rhythm, and its ceremonial atmosphere.” Aside from that, I like how Milton wanted to expand the story of the Fall of Men by giving some themes based on the divinity of humankind and the world even if darkness falls upon them. But other than that, I often get tired reading or watching stories that take a simple perfect story and stretches it out. I am with Samuel Johnson when he said it was too long.\n\n            Originally when he wrote the poem, Milton was going to use the prototype used for the poem “The Iliad” to serve as an allegory for the English Civil War, however he decided to scrape the plans. But even then, this ancient poem, along with the old poem, contained similarities in the motives of the main protagonists of the stories. In “The Iliad,” Achilles was a great warrior in the Trojan wars, but after Agamemnon dishonored him, he refused to fight. So his good friend, Patroclus, lead the Greek army against the Trojan army. After a heated battle, Hector, the leader of the Trojans, killed Patroclus. After catching the news of this event, Achilles was enraged and went a bloodthirsty rampage, murdering many men in battle. This also seems to parallel the events that would lead to Lucifer becoming the Prince of Darkness. He gets full of pride and attempts to have more, but gets defeated and is full of wrath. Both of the poems dive into the anger of the protagonists and the consequences that occurred to them and other people. Their downfalls caused destruction and left an impact on the fictional aspect of history.\n\n            What future generations should be aware of in this poem is how it dives deeper into the themes of sin, salvation, life, death, good, and evil. A lot is discussed in the events depicted that would lead to the fall of Man. Even if it was not needed, it is still a fascinating interpretation of the world back then. It would continue to influence people in taking other short stories and expanding them with new life. Examples would include “The Ten Commandments” in which Cecil B. DeMille took the story of Moses and the Exodus and elongated it to show life in Egypt and events leading up to Moses finding his purpose in this world. This piece of literature is still captivating readers with its vision of the universe, and it would still continue to capture people whether they are religious or avid readers.\n<p align=\"center\">Bibliography</p>\nHenthorne, Susan. \"Paradise Lost.\" <em>Masterplots, Fourth Edition</em> (2010): 1-4.\n<blockquote><em>MagillOnLiterature Plus</em>. EBSCO. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.</blockquote>\nHill, G, Lynch, Jack, ed., <em>Samuel Johnson: The Lives of the English Poets, 3 vols.</em> 1905.\n<blockquote>Oxford: Clarendon. Print.</blockquote>\nBlake, William. <em>Th</em><em>e Marriage of Heaven and Hell</em>. 1709. Print.\n\n“Iliad.” <em>Wikipedia.</em> 14 October 2011. Web. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. <em></em>\n<blockquote>13 October 2011. (<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad\">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad</a>)</blockquote>\n“Achielles.” <em>Wikipedia.</em> 15 October 2011. Web. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. <em></em>\n<blockquote>13 October 2011. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achielles)</blockquote>\nFiero, Gloria. The Humanistic Tradition, Volume Two, Sixth Edition.\n<blockquote>New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print</blockquote>','Paradise Lost','','inherit','open','open','','1903-revision-2','','','2011-10-16 17:57:59','2011-10-16 23:57:59','',1903,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=1906',0,'revision','',0),(3455,95,'2013-10-14 11:57:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','Auto Draft','','auto-draft','open','open','','','','','2013-10-14 11:57:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','',0,'http://jeanatacc.com/2011/?p=3455',0,'post','',0);
